{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:55:52Z","timestamp":1772776552266,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social (CIS-ISCTE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social (CIS-ISCTE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social (CIS-ISCTE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00315\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00315\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social (CIS-ISCTE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/03125\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00315\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00315\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Society at large has become increasingly concerned about climate change and sustainable development, so tourism and travel service providers have begun to focus more actively on sustainable development goals. Prior research has shown that supervisors\u2019 support fosters employee green behavior and companies\u2019 environmental performance. This study concentrated on Portuguese hospitality contexts to develop a fuller understanding of how organizations\u2019 green efforts can combine with the individual variables highlighted by the theory of planned behavior (TPB) (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) to encourage supervisors\u2019 organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE). Data on 74 hotel managers were collected with an online survey. Multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived green organizational climate positively correlates with TPB variables, thereby increasing supervisors\u2019 intention to adopt and encourage OCBE in their workplaces. These findings clarify how organizational and individual factors foster managers\u2019 OCBE. The results have practical implications for organizations seeking to promote their managers\u2019 pro-environmental behavior to boost their environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T08:25:14Z","timestamp":1730795114000},"page":"9611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Green Organizational Climate\u2019s Promotion of Managers\u2019 Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment: Evidence from the Portuguese Hospitality Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Henriques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Mouro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social, CIS-ISCTE, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7066-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Research Unit, BRU-IUL, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.295","article-title":"Examining the relationship between corporate social responsibility, performance, employees\u2019 pro-environmental behavior at work with green practices as mediator","volume":"232","author":"Suganthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Employee green behavior: How organizations can Help the environment","volume":"42","author":"Unsworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Travel and Tourism Council (2024, August 29). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2018\u2014Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/www.wttc.org\/economic-impact\/country-analysis\/country-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0141-x","article-title":"The carbon footprint of global tourism","volume":"8","author":"Lenzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Travel & Tourism Council (2024, August 29). Travel & Tourism. Economic Impact 2021, Available online: https:\/\/wttc.org\/Portals\/0\/Documents\/Reports\/2021\/Global%20Economic%20Impact%20and%20Trends%202021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tourism of Portugal Institute (2024, August 29). Consumo Tur\u00edstico Representa 15,8% do PIB em 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.turismodeportugal.pt\/pt\/Noticias\/Paginas\/estimativas-consumo-turistico-pib.aspx."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Travel and Tourism Council (2024, August 29). Portugal\u2019s Travel & Tourism Poised for Historic Year. Available online: https:\/\/wttc.org\/news-article\/portugal-travel-and-tourism-poised-for-historic-year."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Travel Awards (2024, August 29). Europe\u2019s Leading Destination 2024\u2014Award History. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldtravelawards.com\/award-europes-leading-destination-2024."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2019.04.008","article-title":"How do hotel employees\u2019 environmental attitudes and intentions to implement green practices relate to their ecological behavior?","volume":"39","author":"Okumus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"361","article-title":"Organizational culture and organizational performance","volume":"3","author":"Akpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1002\/bsd2.328","article-title":"Fostering sustainable tourism in Pakistan: Exploring the influence of environmental leadership on employees\u2019 green behavior","volume":"7","author":"Ashraf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0007650308315439","article-title":"A conceptual model for organizational citizenship behavior directed toward the environment","volume":"48","author":"Daily","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bus. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1754","article-title":"Greening the workplace through supervisory behaviors: Assessing what really matters to employees","volume":"33","author":"Amara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127669","article-title":"Green human resource management and supervisor pro-environmental behavior: The role of green work climate perceptions","volume":"313","author":"Rubel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Wang, Q., and Yan, X. (2019). How responsible leadership motivates employees to engage in organizational citizenship behavior for the environment: A double-mediation model. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030605"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1086026615575773","article-title":"Employee green behavior: A theoretical framework, multilevel review, and future research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organ. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2022.103173","article-title":"Greening the hospitality sector: Employees\u2019 environmental and job attitudes predict ecological behavior and satisfaction","volume":"102","author":"Arshad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-050421","article-title":"Employee green behavior as the core of environmentally sustainable organizations","volume":"10","author":"Zacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.041","article-title":"Overcoming the barriers to pro-environmental behaviors in the workplace: A systematic review","volume":"182","author":"Yuriev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, J.L., and Barling, J. (2015). The Nature of Employees\u2019 Pro-Environmental Behaviors. The Psychology of Green Organizations, Oxford Academic.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199997480.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.07.063","article-title":"Encouraging sustainability in the workplace: A survey on the pro-environmental behaviour of university employees","volume":"106","author":"Blok","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.214","article-title":"Pro-environmental behaviour in the workplace and the role of managers and organisation","volume":"168","author":"Wesselink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2013.12.008","article-title":"Organisational sustainability policies and employee green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate perceptions","volume":"38","author":"Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, A.P., and Mouro, C. (2022). Environmental corporate social responsibility and workplace pro-environmental behaviors: Person-organization fit and organizational identification\u2019s sequential mediation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610355"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouro, C., and Duarte, A.P. (2021). Organisational climate and pro-environmental behaviours at work: The mediating role of personal norms. Front. Psychol., 168.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.635739"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1827","article-title":"Motivating employees towards sustainable behaviour","volume":"24","author":"Temminck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A., Mouro, C., and Duarte, A.P. (2022). Waste separation\u2014Who cares? Organizational climate and supervisor support\u2019s role in promoting pro-environmental behaviors in the workplace. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1082155"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2022.2120982","article-title":"Does green inclusive leadership promote hospitality employees\u2019 pro-environmental behaviors? The mediating role of climate for green initiative","volume":"43","author":"Thabet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2013.02.003","article-title":"Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace","volume":"34","author":"Greaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2260","article-title":"Employee green behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/21711976241263474","article-title":"Promoting pro-environmental behaviours at work: The role of green organizational climate and supervisor support\/Fomentando las conductas proambientales en el trabajo: El papel del clima organizacional verde y el apoyo del supervisor","volume":"15","author":"Mouro","year":"2024","journal-title":"PsyEcology Biling. J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-9516(02)00074-3","article-title":"Encouraging innovative environmental actions: What companies and managers must do","volume":"37","author":"Ramus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. World Bus."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1835","article-title":"Leading by example: A model of organizational citizenship behavior for the environment","volume":"24","author":"Boiral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-01-2021-2567","article-title":"Organizational citizenship behavior for the environment: A management perspective","volume":"30","author":"Akterujjaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2013.777934","article-title":"Linking environmental management practices and organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: A social exchange perspective","volume":"24","author":"Boiral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Tian, C., Jiang, X., and Tong, Y. (2023). Development of scales for the measurement of executive green leadership and exploration of its antecedents. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15139882"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.009","article-title":"Corporate strategies for greening the workplace: Findings from sustainability-oriented companies in Germany","volume":"226","author":"Schafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uslu, F., Keles, A., Aytekin, A., Yayla, O., Keles, H., Ergun, G.S., and Tarinc, A. (2023). Effect of green human resource management on green psychological climate and environmental green behavior of hotel employees: The moderator roles of environmental sensitivity and altruism. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15076017"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.192","article-title":"Organisational support is not always enough to encourage employee environmental performance. The moderating role of exchange ideology","volume":"220","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104660","article-title":"Proenvironmental behaviors through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review","volume":"155","author":"Yuriev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Azjen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-08-2019-0387","article-title":"Evaluating determinants of employees\u2019 pro-environmental behavioral intentions","volume":"41","author":"Yuriev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Manpow."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.2270","article-title":"Predicting required and voluntary employee green behavior using the theory of planned behavior","volume":"29","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2017.12.002","article-title":"Examination of environmentally friendly \u201cgreen\u201d logistics behavior of managers in the pharmaceutical sector using the Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"14","author":"Arslan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916513520417","article-title":"Using comparative feedback to influence workplace energy conservation: A case study of a university campaign","volume":"47","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, R.H., Shahron, S.A., Wang, C., Fukukawa, K., and Lengler, J. (2024). Effects of organisational, individual and contextual factors on employees\u2019 intentions to adopt green practices. J. Sustain. Tour., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2024.2368608"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Henriques, I. (2022). Assessing the Determinants of Supervisor\u2019s Organizational Citizenship Behaviors for the Environment. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Iscte-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.iscte-iul.pt\/handle\/10071\/27566."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030","article-title":"Common method bias: It\u2019s bad, it\u2019s complex, it\u2019s widespread, and it\u2019s not easy to fix","volume":"11","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., and Aiken, L.S. (2003). Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1806","article-title":"Responsible leadership and employee\u2019s proenvironmental","volume":"27","author":"Afsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Fabio, A., and Cooper, C.L. (2023). Driving Sustainable Development Transformations with Emotional Leadership. Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development in Organizations, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003212157-2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2021.1875477","article-title":"Past, present, and future of pro-environmental behavior in tourism and hospitality: A text-mining approach","volume":"30","author":"Loureiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/22\/9611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:26:20Z","timestamp":1760113580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/22\/9611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["su16229611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16229611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]}}}