{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:53:12Z","timestamp":1768467192051,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["34 TRANSFORM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34 TRANSFORM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest management requires balancing ecological, economic, and social objectives, often involving complex optimisation problems. Traditional mathematical methods struggle with these challenges, leading to the adoption of metaheuristic approaches like the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). This paper introduces a custom NSGA-II algorithm, incorporating a specialised mutation operator to enhance solution generation for multi-objective forest planning. The custom NSGA-II is compared to the standard NSGA-II in a scenario aiming to maximise timber harvest volume and minimise its standard deviation, with a minimum volume constraint. Key performance metrics include non-dominated solutions, spacing, computational cost, and hypervolume. The results demonstrate that the custom NSGA-II provides more valid solutions and better explores the solution space. This approach offers a user-friendly and efficient tool for forest managers, integrating well with Web-based systems for modern, sustainability-oriented forest planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su162310655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1733379884000},"page":"10655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimising Forest Management Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"RCM2+, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Salas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCM2+, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Agriculture School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Agriculture School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Torres","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"RCM2+, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"RCM2+, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICNF (2015). 6.\u00ba Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional, Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas. 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