{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:30:27Z","timestamp":1778599827318,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainability of the planet is based on reducing the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. The recovery of biomass waste puts economically valuable materials into circulation, which can successfully replace fossil fuels and which would otherwise be sent to landfills. Based on the review of several published works, we observe that the referenced processes to value biomass or biomass waste are not necessarily the most profitable and environmentally friendly. The most used methods to valorize biomass and biomass waste are mainly based on researchers knowledge and experience, neglecting some methods that are more appropriate or developing technologies. The valorization of biomass and biomass wastes should promote the production of products with the highest added value, and it must also be environmentally friendly and cost-effective. This manuscript proposes a hierarchy for the use of various valorization processes of biomass waste, from various agricultural activities, urban solids waste, food processing industries, and even wood industries. The proposed hierarchy is based on a number of recommendations aimed at increasing the use and valorization of biomass, in order to reach the objective of carbon neutrality and to comply with the principles of the circular economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17010335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T08:08:52Z","timestamp":1736150932000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Review of the Biomass Valorization Hierarchy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Pestana da Paix\u00e3o","family":"Cansado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Alexandre Mira","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Castanheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Change\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho n\u00ba 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro Francisco","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Campus de Murr\u00f3pu\u00e8, Quelimane, Universidade Licungo, Estrada Nacional 642, Beira 2100, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Suhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University Haridwar, Haridwar 249404, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Rom\u00e1n","family":"Suero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Direcci\u00f3n de Oficina COOPERAS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Ledesma","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Direcci\u00f3n de Oficina COOPERAS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, April 02). 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