{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1774647932053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The market for plant-based analogs for meat is growing exponentially. In addition to motivations related to the search for health benefits, the consumption of such products is justified by the sustainability of their production since the use of non-renewable resources and the emission of polluting gases is lower than their animal-origin equivalents. However, little information regarding the global panorama of the sustainability of plant-based meat analogues is available, mainly due to the diffuse distribution of food matrices used across the planet. In this sense, this narrative review aimed to describe the state of the art regarding the use of resources and sustainability of the inputs used as protein sources in the manufacture of plant-based meat analogues. From the review carried out, it was possible to observe that the biggest problem in producing these plant-based alternatives lies in using inputs that are not native to the countries where the products are marketed, especially in the case of South American countries. Ingredients widely used in the production of these analogues find better cultivation conditions in the northern hemisphere, as in the case of lentils, peas and chickpeas; thus, South American markets depend on imports, reducing the sustainability of the products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T03:38:41Z","timestamp":1736221121000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sustainability of Key Proteins in Plant-Based Meat Analogs Production: A Worldwide Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Sommo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University Center IESB, Bras\u00edlia 70830-404, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Puppin","family":"Zandonadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda Machado","family":"de Holanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Ruela Pereira","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Veterinary Medicine (I-MVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University Centre, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1911","article-title":"Global Flood Risk under Climate Change","volume":"3","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2022.04.004","article-title":"Global Climate Change and Human Health: Pathways and Possible Solutions","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eco-Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01787-6","article-title":"The 2021 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Code Red for a Healthy Future","volume":"398","author":"Romanello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0558-0","article-title":"Quantifying the Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Climate Events on Energy Systems","volume":"5","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1424","article-title":"Climate Response to Zeroed Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Aerosols","volume":"2","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Wiens, K., Wang, R., Luong, L., Ansara, D., Gower, S., Bassil, K., and Hwang, S.W. (2019). Cold Weather Conditions and Risk of Hypothermia among People Experiencing Homelessness: Implications for Prevention Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183259"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01208-3","article-title":"Hot Weather and Heat Extremes: Health Risks","volume":"398","author":"Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086902","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086902","article-title":"Global Land Monsoon Precipitation Changes in CMIP6 Projections","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.105816","article-title":"Clean Energy Substitution: The Effect of Transitioning from Coal to Gas on Air Pollution","volume":"107","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agrifood Systems Global, Regional and Country Trends, 2000\u20132020, Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00225-9","article-title":"Food Systems Are Responsible for a Third of Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions","volume":"2","author":"Crippa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-1795-2022","article-title":"Pre- and Post-Production Processes Increasingly Dominate Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agri-Food Systems","volume":"14","author":"Tubiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2012-0038","article-title":"The Hidden Water Resource Use behind Meat and Dairy","volume":"2","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6117","DOI":"10.1021\/es200130u","article-title":"Environmental Impacts of Cultured Meat Production","volume":"45","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eist.2019.09.004","article-title":"Understanding the Protein Transition: The Rise of Plant-Based Meat Substitutes","volume":"35","author":"Tziva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03086-z","article-title":"Plant-Based and Vegetarian Diets: An Overview and Definition of These Dietary Patterns","volume":"62","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najjar, R.S., and Feresin, R.G. (2019). Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112712"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103975","article-title":"Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: Bioactive Compounds, Conventional and Novel Processes, Bioavailability Studies, and Health Effects","volume":"70","author":"Aydar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012059","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/998\/1\/012059","article-title":"Consumer Analysis of Commercial Plant-Based Jerky","volume":"998","author":"Veniranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e3o, B., Botelho, R.B.A., Torres, M.L., Maynard, D.d.C., de Holanda, M.E.M., Borges, V.R.P., Raposo, A., and Zandonadi, R.P. (2023). Nutritional Profile of Commercialized Plant-Based Meat: An Integrative Review with a Systematic Approach. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12030448"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2010.05.004","article-title":"Carbon Footprints and Embodied Carbon at Multiple Scales","volume":"2","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakeland, W., Cholette, S., and Venkat, K. (2012). Food Transportation Issues and Reducing Carbon Footprint. Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1587-9_9"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, December 19). United Nations Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel|As Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas No Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/brasil.un.org\/pt-br\/sdgs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demiris, G., Oliver, D.P., and Washington, K.T. (2019). Defining and Analyzing the Problem. Behavioral Intervention Research in Hospice and Palliative Care: Building an Evidence Base, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814449-7.00003-X"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing Narrative Style Literature Reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Writ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Grand View Research (2024). Plant-Based Meat Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Source (Soy, Pea, Wheat), by Product, by Type (Chicken, Pork, Beef, Fish, Others), by End-Use, by Storage, by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2024\u20132030, Grand View Research."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, W.M.C., Montebello, N.d.P., Botelho, R.B.A., and Borgo, L.A. (2011). Alquimia Dos Alimentos, Senac. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.22616\/RRD.26.2020.018","article-title":"Assessment of Ingredients and Nutritional Value of Vegan Products in Latvian Market","volume":"35","author":"Mariseva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtain, F., and Grafenauer, S. (2019). Plant-Based Meat Substitutes in the Flexitarian Age: An Audit of Products on Supermarket Shelves. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112603"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, C., Pezzica, J., Bolli, C., Di Nicola, A., Falai, A., Giannese, D., and Cupisti, A. (2022). Processed Plant-Based Foods for CKD Patients: Good Choice, but Be Aware. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116653"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e3o, B., Botelho, R.B.A., Nakano, E.Y., Raposo, A., Han, H., Vega-Mu\u00f1oz, A., Ariza-Montes, A., and Zandonadi, R.P. (2022). Are Vegan Alternatives to Meat Products Healthy? A Study on Nutrients and Main Ingredients of Products Commercialized in Brazil. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.900598"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Catala, J., Toro-Funes, N., Comas-Bast\u00e9, O., Hern\u00e1ndez-Macias, S., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, S., Latorre-Moratalla, M.L., Veciana-Nogu\u00e9s, M.T., Castell-Garralda, V., and Vidal-Carou, M.C. (2023). Comparative Assessment of the Nutritional Profile of Meat Products and Their Plant-Based Analogues. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122807"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenberg, C., Trexler, A., Garaus, C., and P\u00f6chtrager, S. (2023). Meat Substitute Markets: A Comparative Analysis of Meat Analogs in Austria. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12112211"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102067","article-title":"Spatially-Explicit Footprints of Agricultural Commodities: Mapping Carbon Emissions Embodied in Brazil\u2019s Soy Exports","volume":"62","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, A., Marinangeli, C.P.F., Tremorin, D., and Mathys, A. (2018). Nutritional Combined Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Analysis for Incorporating Canadian Yellow Pea into Cereal-Based Food Products. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040490"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e15312238189","article-title":"Virtual Water and Soy Water Footprint: Increasing Exports in Brazilian Amazon Ports versus Environmental and Water Risks","volume":"12","author":"Nagata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-204x2016000900006","article-title":"Balan\u00e7o Energ\u00e9tico e Pegada de Carbono Nos Sistemas de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Integrada e Convencional de Feij\u00e3o-Comum Irrigado","volume":"51","author":"Madari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Barbier, C., Couturier, C., Pourouchottamin, P., Cayla, J.-M., Silvestre, M., and Pharabod, I. (2019). Energy and Carbon Footprint of Food in France from Production to Consumption, Centre International de Recherche sur l\u2019Environnement et le D\u00e9veloppement."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2009.07.003","article-title":"Use of Carbon Footprinting to Explore Alternative Household Waste Policy Scenarios in an Irish City-Region","volume":"54","author":"Browne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"15","article-title":"Conceitos de \u00c1gua Virtual e Pegada H\u00eddrica: Estudo de Caso Da Soja e \u00d3leo de Soja No Brasil","volume":"36","author":"Bleninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Recur. H\u00eddricos"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielski, S., Marks-Bielska, R., and Wi\u015bniewski, P. (2022). Investigation of Energy and Economic Balance and GHG Emissions in the Production of Different Cultivars of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench): A Case Study in Northeastern Poland. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010017"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742170521000193","article-title":"Sustainability Assessment and Optimization of Legumes Production Systems: Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emission and Ecological Footprint Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Nategh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"763","article-title":"The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops and Derived Crop Products The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops","volume":"8","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118376","article-title":"Carbon Footprint and Land Use of Oat and Faba Bean Protein Concentrates Using a Life Cycle Assessment Approach","volume":"242","author":"Heusala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beebe, S.E., Rao, I.M., Blair, M.W., and Acosta-Gallegos, J.A. (2013). Phenotyping Common Beans for Adaptation to Drought. Front. Physiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00035"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.3390\/su7033001","article-title":"Green and Blue Water Footprint Accounting for Dry Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Primary Region of Mexico","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4141\/CJSS06015","article-title":"Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Monoculture and Rotational Cropping of Corn, Soybean and Winter Wheat","volume":"88","author":"Drury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.022","article-title":"Water Footprint of Crop Productions: A Review","volume":"548\u2013549","author":"Lovarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-010-1678-y","article-title":"Carbon Footprint: Current Methods of Estimation","volume":"178","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120254","article-title":"Soybean Supply Chain Management and Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"255","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"8-1\u20138-10","article-title":"Global Modeling of Irrigation Water Requirements","volume":"38","author":"Siebert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8397","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13532","article-title":"Processing to Improve the Sustainability of Chickpea as a Functional Food Ingredient","volume":"104","author":"Augustin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-9255(99)00045-1","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool in Environmental Impact Assessment","volume":"20","author":"Tukker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.06.018","article-title":"Recent Developments in Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"91","author":"Finnveden","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894.5","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.894.5","article-title":"Sustainability of Soy Protein from Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"30","author":"Braun","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazlauskas, M., Bru\u010dien\u0117, I., Savickas, D., Naujokien\u0117, V., Buragien\u0117, S., Steponavi\u010dius, D., Romaneckas, K., and \u0160arauskis, E. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Winter Wheat Production Using Precision and Conventional Seeding Technologies. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914376"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016","article-title":"A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on Some Food Products","volume":"90","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-014-0724-3","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Vegetable Products: A Review Focusing on Cropping Systems Diversity and the Estimation of Field Emissions","volume":"19","author":"Perrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Voora, V., Larrea, C., and Bermudez, S. (2020). Global Market Report: Soybeans, IISD."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2024, March 17). USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Soybeans|USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Available online: https:\/\/fas.usda.gov\/data\/production\/commodity\/2222000."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"460","article-title":"Principais Fatores Respons\u00e1veis Pela Expans\u00e3o Da Soja No Brasil","volume":"8","author":"Cuiabano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Int. Relat."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.12.016","article-title":"Demystifying Sustainable Soy in Brazil","volume":"82","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2008.11.022","article-title":"Emergy, Nutrients Balance, and Economic Assessment of Soybean Production and Industrialization in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Cavalett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, P.D. (2008). Soybean Production and Processing in Brazil. Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-893997-64-6.50024-X"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467605278367","article-title":"Brazilian Soybean Production: Emergy Analysis with an Expanded Scope","volume":"25","author":"Ortega","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.12.009","article-title":"The Water Footprint of Soy Milk and Soy Burger and Equivalent Animal Products","volume":"18","author":"Ercin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12066","article-title":"Natural Additives in Wheat-Based Pasta and Noodle Products: Opportunities for Enhanced Nutritional and Functional Properties","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080417-050036","article-title":"Wheat Blast: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"56","author":"Ceresini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Australia Foreign Agricultural Service Global Market Analysis, and International Production Assessment Division (2024, December 05). Australia Wheat Production Second Highest on Record. Commodity Intelligence Report, Available online: https:\/\/ipad.fas.usda.gov\/highlights\/2022\/10\/Australia\/index.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2009.027090","article-title":"Climate Change and Wheat Production in Argentina","volume":"1","author":"Magrin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Warm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20362","article-title":"CO2 Flux in a Wheat-Soybean Succession in Subtropical Brazil: A Carbon Sink","volume":"51","author":"Veeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01600","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-3921.pab2021.v56.01600","article-title":"Source-Sink Relationships of Wheat Plants Obtained by the Application of Systemic Herbicides","volume":"56","author":"Fioreze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12259","article-title":"Protein Characteristics That Affect the Quality of Vital Wheat Gluten to Be Used in Baking: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Ortolan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0021-5","article-title":"Innovations in Agronomy for Food Legumes. A Review","volume":"32","author":"Siddique","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nette, A., Wolf, P., Schl\u00fcter, O., and Meyer-Aurich, A. (2016). A Comparison of Carbon Footprint and Production Cost of Different Pasta Products Based on Whole Egg and Pea Flour. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5010017"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.06.005","article-title":"Water Footprint and Irrigation Use Efficiency of Important Crops in Northern Cyprus from an Environmental, Economic and Dietary Perspective","volume":"27","author":"Usanmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2024, January 18). CNA\/SENAR Ervilha: Cultivo e Comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o. Available online: https:\/\/cnabrasil.org.br\/cna-pulses\/page4.html."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20575","article-title":"Experimental Plan for Tests with Pea","volume":"113","author":"Diel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012062","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/788\/1\/012062","article-title":"Wingsail Technology as a Sustainable Alternative to Fossil Fuel","volume":"788","author":"Ariffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6404\/aab982","article-title":"High-Speed Sailing","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2015.03.003","article-title":"Review of Fossil Fuels and Future Energy Technologies","volume":"69","author":"Abas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2016.1242135","article-title":"Pea Protein Isolates: Structure, Extraction, and Functionality","volume":"34","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10503","article-title":"Textured Wheat and Pea Proteins for Meat Alternative Applications","volume":"99","author":"Maningat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126447","article-title":"Substitution of Beef with Pea Protein Reduces the Environmental Footprint of Meat Balls Whilst Supporting Health and Climate Stabilisation Goals","volume":"297","author":"Saget","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0b013e31828fff54","article-title":"Exploring the Soyfood Controversy","volume":"48","author":"Messina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2000v21n1p97","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Meloidogyne Incognita Race 3 Reproduction on Garden Pea Cultivars in Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Ferraz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-69162011000200012","article-title":"Viabilidade T\u00e9cnica e Econ\u00f4mica Da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Ervilha (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivada Sob Diferentes L\u00e2minas de Irriga\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"31","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Agr\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Modelling and Estimation of Chickpea Production in Turkey Using Artificial Neural Networks and Time Series Analysis","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615718","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2019.1615718","article-title":"Economic Importance of Chickpea: Production, Value, and World Trade","volume":"5","author":"Merga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e14701","article-title":"Optimum Formulation Determination and Carbon Footprint Analysis of a Novel Gluten-Free Pasta Recipe Using Buckwheat, Teff, and Chickpea Flours","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process Preserv."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e56305","article-title":"Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas","volume":"2018","author":"Shim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29050\/harranziraat.569397","article-title":"Possibility of Using \u201cchickpea Aquafaba\u201d as Egg Replacer in Traditional Cake Formulation","volume":"24","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harran Tar\u0131m Ve G\u0131da Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Shim, Y.Y., Mustafa, R., Meda, V., and Reaney, M.J.T. (2019). Chickpea Cultivar Selection to Produce Aquafaba with Superior Emulsion Properties. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8120685"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.05.041","article-title":"Aquafaba as an Egg White Substitute in Food Foams and Emulsions: Protein Composition and Functional Behavior","volume":"96","author":"Buhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12372","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12372","article-title":"Replacement of Wheat Flour by Chickpea Flour in Muffin Batter: Effect on Rheological Properties","volume":"40","author":"Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.11.024","article-title":"Studies on Cake Quality Made of Wheat-Chickpea Flour Blends","volume":"41","author":"Oliete","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2024, January 20). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Feij\u00e3o No Brasil|IBGE, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/explica\/producao-agropecuaria\/feijao\/br."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Brazil Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2020). Vigil\u00e2ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Para Doen\u00e7as Por Inqu\u00e9rito Telef\u00f4nico\u2014VIGITEL, Centrais de Conte\u00fado."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1002\/leg3.155","article-title":"Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a Vital Component of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Uebersax","year":"2023","journal-title":"Legume Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2019.03.003","article-title":"Energy and Carbon Footprints of Food: Investigating the Effect of Cooking","volume":"19","author":"Arrieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-009-0097-1","article-title":"Assessing the Environmental Profile of Orange Production in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Coltro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2024, January 20). Good Food Institute Muito Al\u00e9m Da Soja e Da Ervilha: O Potencial Do Feij\u00e3o Para a Ind\u00fastria de Prote\u00ednas Alternativas Vegetais e Para o Brasil\u2014GFI Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/gfi.org.br\/muito-alem-da-soja-e-da-ervilha-o-potencial-do-feijao-para-a-industria-de-proteinas-alternativas-vegetais-e-para-o-brasil\/."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.04.010","article-title":"Functionality of Oat Fiber Concentrate and Faba Bean Protein Concentrate in Plant-Based Substitutes for Minced Meat","volume":"5","author":"Kantanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"N\u00facleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (2011). Tabela Brasileira de Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos: TACO, Unicamp."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2022.108351","article-title":"Physical and Techno-Functional Properties of a Common Bean Protein Concentrate Compared to Commercial Legume Ingredients for the Plant-Based Market","volume":"137","author":"Caldeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1884","article-title":"Techno-Functional Properties of Dry-Fractionated Plant-Based Proteins and Application in Food Product Development: A Review","volume":"104","author":"Latrofa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-21002007000200001","article-title":"Revis\u00e3o Sistem\u00e1tica X Revis\u00e3o Narrativa","volume":"20","author":"Rother","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paul. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing Narrative Literature Reviews for Peer-Reviewed Journals: Secrets of the Trade","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/2\/382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:02Z","timestamp":1759919042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/2\/382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["su17020382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17020382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}}}