{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:44:53Z","timestamp":1778258693093,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the ERASMUS+ project HYBOT","award":["2021-1-DE01-KA220-HED-000023203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-1-DE01-KA220-HED-000023203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid teaching, which integrates traditional in-person learning based on students\u2019 perspectives where online learning offers a flexible approach to education, combines the benefits of technology with face-to-face interactions. Moreover, teaching and learning in a hybrid way met several challenges for both teachers and learners, including technological problems, time management, communication difficulties, and assessment complexities. This systematic review investigates six main research questions: (1) What pedagogical frameworks are used in hybrid teaching and learning? (2) How can we enhance students\u2019 engagement in hybrid teaching and learning? (3) What is the impact of technological integration on hybrid learning scenarios, both for students and teachers? (4) How do training and support measures influence the willingness and ability of university teachers to implement hybrid teaching formats? (5) How do formative assessment and feedback methods in hybrid learning environments enable teachers to effectively monitor student progress and provide tailored support? (6) How does the implementation of hybrid learning affect student learning outcomes? This study identifies the following key themes: technological integration, pedagogical innovation, faculty support, student engagement, assessment practices, and learning outcomes. Our contribution of this literature review is related to teaching and learning by showing teachers the most appropriate way to avoid the challenges encountered when teaching in a hybrid way. These include strong technology integration, innovative pedagogical strategies, strong academic development and support, active student engagement, effective assessment practices, and positive learning outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:32:52Z","timestamp":1737376372000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Hybrid Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daina","family":"Gudoniene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8665-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelina","family":"Staneviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6215-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Huet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Distance Teaching, Universidade Aberta & LE@D, Rua da Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, n.\u00ba 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8752-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Dickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media, Fachhochschule des Mittelstands, Ravensberger Str. 10G, DE-33602 Bielefeld, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djibril","family":"Dieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Development and Europe Division, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 28, av. de Valrose, BP 2135, 06103 Nice Cedex 2, France"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Degroote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Development and Europe Division, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 28, av. de Valrose, BP 2135, 06103 Nice Cedex 2, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Rocio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Distance Teaching, Universidade Aberta & LE@D, Rua da Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, n.\u00ba 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-4599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Butkiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Distance Teaching, Universidade Aberta & LE@D, Rua da Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, n.\u00ba 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rao, V. (2019). Blended learning: A new hybrid teaching methodology. Online Submiss., 3."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10984-019-09303-z","article-title":"A systematic literature review on synchronous hybrid learning: Gaps identified","volume":"23","author":"Raes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learn. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/tl.20222","article-title":"Fundamentals of hybrid teaching and learning","volume":"2017","author":"Linder","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Dir. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulla, M.B., and Perales, W.F. (2022). Hybrid Teaching: Conceptualization Through Practice for the Post COVID19 Pandemic Education. Frontiers in Education, Frontiers.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.924594"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"19","article-title":"Synchronous and asynchronous e-learning modes: Strategies, methods, objectives","volume":"9","author":"Berestok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882211053051","article-title":"Hybrid teaching: What is it? How do we do it?","volume":"52","author":"Yeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"RELC J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1320","article-title":"The pedagogical model of hybrid teaching: Difficulties of university students in the context of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jaal.463","article-title":"Hybrid and blended learning: Modifying pedagogy across path, pace, time, and place","volume":"59","author":"Pytash","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Adult Lit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rennstich, J.K. (2023). Learning Hybrid by Doing Hybrid: Teaching Critical Digital Skills in a Safe Learning Space. Handbook of Applied Teaching and Learning in Social Work Management Education: Theories, Methods, and Practices in Higher Education, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18038-5_13"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetrivel, S.C., and Mohanasundaram, T. (2024). Beyond the Blackboard: Embracing Hybrid Learning Spaces. Global Perspectives on Micro-Learning and Micro-Credentials in Higher Education, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-0343-6.ch002"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"136","article-title":"Hybrid teaching and learning in higher education: An appreciative inquiry","volume":"35","author":"Kniffin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Teach. Learn. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid Education During Pandemic: Voices of University Students and Faculty Members","volume":"14","author":"Durmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Soc. Sci. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, D., Gallagher, S., Vigano, V., Mousa, D., Van Vugt, S., Lodder, A., and Byrne, J.R. (2022). Best practices for sustainable inter-institutional hybrid learning at CHARM European University. Educ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12110797"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Lin, H.Y., Cheung, L.F., Chan, H.C., and Li, P. (2023, January 26\u201330). Hybrid\/Online Teaching: A Survey and Key Issues. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 47th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC57700.2023.00028"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamage, K.A., Gamage, A., and Dehideniya, S.C. (2022). Online and hybrid teaching and learning: Enhance effective student engagement and experience. Educ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12100651"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J. (2023). Research on hybrid teaching mode based on blockchain data sharing and artificial intelligence. Soft Comput., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08866-7"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"134","article-title":"University mixed teaching modes: Personalized online and offline integration","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Educ. Technol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/tl.20231","article-title":"Creating an online presence for hybrid support","volume":"2017","author":"Jerke","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Dir. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jeghalef, S. (2016). Faculty Perceptions of Pedagogical Considerations in the Design of Hybrid Courses. [Ph.D. Thesis, Widener University]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W-65","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"151","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2012.702735","article-title":"Systematic review methodology in higher education","volume":"31","author":"Bearman","year":"2012","journal-title":"High. Educ. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomassi, A., Falegnami, A., and Romano, E. (2024). Mapping automatic social media information disorder. The role of bots and AI in spreading misleading information in society. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303183"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.34190\/ejel.20.4.2340","article-title":"A Novel Synchronous Hybrid Learning Method: Voices from Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Alhusban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electron. J. E-Learn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayub, E., Lim, C.L., Yeo, D.C.H., and Ismail, S.R. (2022). Developing a Solution for Hybrid Classroom: A Pilot Study from a Malaysian Private University. Front. Educ., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.841363"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2014.940577","article-title":"Oral communication skills assessment in a synchronous hybrid MBA programme: Does attending face-to-face matter for US and international students?","volume":"40","author":"Butz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.10.003","article-title":"A mixed methods study of graduate students\u2019 self-determined motivation in synchronous hybrid learning environments","volume":"28","author":"Butz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/dsji.12110","article-title":"The Impact of Emotions on Student Achievement in Synchronous Hybrid Business and Public Administration Programs: A Longitudinal Test of Control-Value Theory","volume":"14","author":"Butz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decis. Sci. J. Innov. Educ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain, W., and Bell, J. (2017, January 6\u201311). Navigating between different forms of embodiment in a synchronous hybrid doctoral course. Proceedings of the the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u203217), Part F1276, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053344"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain, W., Bell, J., and Cheng, C. (2016, January 25\u201328). Implementing robotic telepresence in a synchronous hybrid course. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2016.79"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2022.2125252","article-title":"Using Telepresence Robots for Doctoral Education: Student and Faculty Experiences","volume":"38","author":"Capello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carruana Mart\u00edn, A., Alario-Hoyos, C., and Delgado Kloos, C. (2021). Smart Groups: A Tool for Group Orchestration in Synchronous Hybrid Learning Environments. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86436-1_40"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12964","article-title":"Hybrid learning spaces\u2013\u2013Design, data, didactics","volume":"51","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleason, B., and Greenhow, C. (2017). Hybrid education: The potential of teaching and learning with robot-mediated communication. Online Learn. J., 21.","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v21i4.1276"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Yang, Y., Li, Y., and Ren, B. (2022, January 26\u201328). Students\u2019 Responses to a HyFlex Course: A Case Study in the Educational Technology Setting. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Big Data and Education (ICBDE \u203222), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3524383.3524394"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100339","article-title":"Using synchronous hybrid pedagogy to nurture a community of inquiry: Insights from a tourism Master\u2019s programme","volume":"29","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10612-1","article-title":"A hybrid learning pedagogy for surmounting the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic in the performing arts education","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohiniva, M., and Isomottonen, V. (2021, January 13\u201316). Novice Programming Students\u2019 Reflections on Study Motivation during COVID-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), Lincoln, NE, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE49875.2021.9637367"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13121","article-title":"Theorising hybrid lifelong learning","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nykvist, S.S., De Caro-Barek, V., St\u00f8ckert, R., and Lysne, D.A. (2021). Key Factors Needed for Developing a Higher Education Cross-Campus Learning Environment in a Nordic Context. Front. Educ., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.763761"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10527-x","article-title":"Technology-mediated teaching and learning process: A conceptual study of educators\u2019 response amidst the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"26","author":"Okoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, A.T.V., and Tran, T.H. (2022, January 10\u201312). Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Synchronous Hybrid Teaching during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Frontiers of Educational Technologies (ICFET \u203222), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3545862.3545878"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-021-00274-0","article-title":"Exploring Student and Teacher Experiences in Hybrid Learning Environments: Does Presence Matter?","volume":"4","author":"Raes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postdigital Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2022.319716","article-title":"Insights for Teaching During a Pandemic: Lessons From a Pre-COVID-19 International Synchronous Hybrid Learning Experience","volume":"54","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumann, C.A., Nitsche, A.M., Tittmann, C., and Reuther, K. (2021). Hybridx Higher Education\u2013A Multidimensional Overlay of Hybrid Forms of Learning and Teaching. The Learning Ideas Conference, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90677-1_31"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2022.2121642","article-title":"Two years on: What has COVID-19 taught us about online (telerehabilitation) visual impairment teaching clinics?","volume":"106","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-018-0344-z","article-title":"Here or There Instruction: Lessons Learned in Implementing Innovative Approaches to Blended Synchronous Learning","volume":"63","author":"Zydney","year":"2019","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2021.1943655","article-title":"The link between flipped and active learning: A scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Teach. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, S., Abou Refaie, R., and Uebernickel, F. (2024). The challenges and opportunities of hybrid education with location asynchrony: Implications for education policy. Policy Futures Educ., 14782103231224507.","DOI":"10.1177\/14782103231224507"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53623\/apga.v4i1.495","article-title":"Hybrid and Blended Learning Models: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions in Education","volume":"4","author":"Mulenga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pedagog. Asiana"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/2\/756\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1759919499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/2\/756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["su17020756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17020756","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]}}}