{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:14:27Z","timestamp":1778159667908,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geoenvironmental engineered barriers, such as geotechnical and hydraulic layered structures called liners, are essential for protecting the environment from pollution. Liners are usually compacted clay liners (CCL), geomembranes (GM), geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), or a combination of these liners (composite liners), which require significant attention concerning materials, techniques, and procedures to perform adequately. This work reviews the function of geotechnical and hydraulic barriers as liners and highlights the lack of investigation and problematic aspects of them. In addition, the work provides an overview of the literature around earthworks which are liners\u2019 specific configurations, such as landfills, dams, ponds, wastewater lagoons, and vertical barriers. Furthermore, the main investigations, issues, and perspectives are demonstrated, and are discussed alongside the trending research areas and sustainable new materials. This work highlights different directives in several countries for liner construction standards and testing program specifications, analyzing their economic aspects. The main studies on the subject have been compiled, and a bibliometric analysis was performed. Thus, this paper concludes by pointing out gaps in the research regarding alternative materials and structures within geoenvironmental investigations on liners, and signposts future scientific threads related to sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17051850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:12:11Z","timestamp":1740132731000},"page":"1850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Geoenvironmental Engineered Structures for Water Protection: Challenges and Perspectives for Sustainable Liners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8825-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Andrade Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9792-938X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eug\u00eania Gimenez","family":"Boscov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador S\u00e3o-Carlense 400, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Civil Engineering and Architecture Department, University Beira Interior, Cal\u00e7ada Fonte do Lameiro 6, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032026","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/263\/3\/032026","article-title":"Comprehensive review of geosynthetic clay liner and compacted clay liner","volume":"263","author":"Uma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. 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