{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:38:24Z","timestamp":1772764704925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES","award":["88887.799961\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.799961\/2022-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Brazil, artificial lightweight aggregates (LWAs) are predominantly produced in the Southeast Region using clay as the primary raw material. However, clay extraction has significant environmental impacts and limits access to LWAs in the North and Northeast regions, resulting in high costs and hindering sustainable construction solutions. This study addresses these challenges by developing sustainable LWAs in the Northeast Region using raw materials from the metropolitan area of Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, namely chamotte (CHT), which is rich in aluminosilicates, and eucalyptus firewood ash (EFA), which is rich in carbonates, combined with kaolinitic clay (KC). Sixty-four binary mixtures were produced, demonstrating diverse properties in density, water absorption, and compressive strength. EFA-rich mixtures achieved the highest expansion (80%) and lowest density (1.20 g\/cm3), while CHT-rich mixtures provided superior strength (&gt;10 MPa) and deformation (&gt;20 GPa). These properties highlight their suitability for diverse applications, from structural uses to landscaping, enhanced by distinct color variations. Statistical optimization identified the residue content and sintering temperature as key factors, confirming the technical viability of incorporating up to 80% industrial waste into sustainable LWA production. Therefore, the results confirm the technical feasibility of producing LWAs using CHT and EFA in the metropolitan region of Jo\u00e3o Pessoa\/Para\u00edba, achieving properties comparable to commercial LWAs. By incorporating up to 80% industrial waste, this study reduces dependence on non-renewable resources, decreases CO2 emissions and transportation costs, and promotes sustainable practices. The findings offer a scalable, eco-friendly solution to resource-limited regions\u2019 material scarcity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17052017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T11:22:12Z","timestamp":1740568932000},"page":"2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of Sustainable Artificial Lightweight Aggregates with Binary Mixtures of Waste Rich in Aluminosilicate and Carbonate in Kaolinitic Clay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Anselmo","family":"da Silva Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para\u00edba (UFPB), Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcos Alyssandro Soares","family":"dos Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para\u00edba (UFPB), Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Para\u00edba (IFPB), Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58015-020, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Peixoto Suassuna","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para\u00edba (UFPB), Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maelson","family":"Mendon\u00e7a de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Natal 59015-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinthia Maia","family":"Pederneiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c5Lab Sustainable Construction Materials Association, 2795-242 Linda-a-Velha, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1590\/0366-69132022683883330","article-title":"Characteristics and utilization prospects of red ceramic waste in lightweight aggregates: A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e5619","article-title":"A scientiometric review of artificial lightweight aggregates applying VOSviewer Software","volume":"17","author":"Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contrib. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e13153","article-title":"Properties of a structural lightweight concrete with incorporation of expanded clay and granite residue","volume":"27","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e12559","article-title":"Development of lightweight aggregates from ornamental stone cutting waste (granite and marble) and clay","volume":"25","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.08.250","article-title":"Effect of sintering temperature and dwelling time on the characteristics of lightweight aggregate produced from sewage sludge and waste glass powder","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-J., Chen, P.C., Peng, C.F., and Huang, C.W. (2022). Production of Synthetic Lightweight Aggregates from Industrial Sludge. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124097"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121604","article-title":"Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Lightweight Aggregates Production","volume":"271","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022155","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004302","article-title":"Microwave Fast Sintering Production of Sustainable Lightweight Aggregates with Agroindustrial Waste","volume":"34","author":"Lyra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"112","article-title":"Cold Bonded and Low Temperature Sintered Artificial Aggregate Production by Using Waste Materials","volume":"67","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121845","article-title":"Using Scheelite Residue and Rice Husk Ash to Manufacture Lightweight Aggregates","volume":"270","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"47","article-title":"Specifications for clayey raw materials used to produce expanded lightweight aggregates","volume":"41","author":"Cougny","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, August 17). Brazilian Ceramics Association (ABC). 2023. Annual Waste Generation Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.abceram.org.br."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134274","article-title":"Production, properties and life cycle assessment of artificial lightweight aggregates produced with corn straw ash (CSA) and concrete slurry waste (CSW)","volume":"411","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121765","article-title":"Sustainable Practices of the Red Ceramic Industry and Its Influence on Local Communities","volume":"265","author":"Kuasoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127714","article-title":"Spatial Dynamics of Firewood and Charcoal Production in Brazil","volume":"313","author":"Bichel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) (2023). Timber Statistical Yearbook 2023: Brazil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capela, M.N., Tobaldi, D.M., Seabra, M.P., Tarelho, L.A.C., and Labrincha, J.A. (2022). Characterization of ashes produced from different biomass fuels used in combustion systems in a pulp and paper industry towards its recycling. Biomass Bioenergy, 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2022.106598"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e20230313","article-title":"Development of lightweight aggregates from coffee grounds and rice husk ash","volume":"29","author":"Aguiar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.022","article-title":"Characteristics of lightweight aggregate produced from lime-treated sewage sludge and palm oil fuel ash","volume":"152","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.12.022","article-title":"Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 on characteristics of lightweight aggregate made from sewage sludge and river sediment","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135759","article-title":"Sustainable utilization of concrete slurry waste in eco-friendly artificial lightweight cold-bonded aggregates: An alternative pathway for efficiently sequestering CO2","volume":"421","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135815","article-title":"The role of different ratios of biochar in the artificial lightweight cold-bonded aggregates (ALCBAs) containing high volume of red mud (RM)","volume":"422","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1951.tb11619.x","article-title":"Relation of chemical properties to the bloating of clays","volume":"34","author":"Riley","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.01.017","article-title":"Lightweight aggregates from mixtures of granite wastes with clay","volume":"117","author":"Soltan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e00340","article-title":"Developing and Classifying Lightweight Aggregates from Sewage Sludge and Rice Husk Ash","volume":"12","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127011","article-title":"Performance of Waste-to-Energy fine combined ash\/filter cake ash-metakaolin based artificial aggregate","volume":"327","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.J., Lin, H.C., and Tang, C.W. (2021). Application of the Taguchi Method for Optimizing the Process Parameters of Producing Controlled Low-Strength Materials by Using Dimension Stone Sludge and Lightweight Aggregates. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105576"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3139\/120.110674","article-title":"Application of the Taguchi Method for Parameter Optimization of the Surface Grinding Process","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Test."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"117","article-title":"Effects of lightweight particle content on the mechanical strength of cylindrical aggregates","volume":"16","author":"Phong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Civ. Eng. (STCE)\u2014HUCE"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017). Portland Cement and Other Powdered Materials\u2014Determination of Specific Mass (Standard No. NBR 16605)."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023). Portland Cement\u2014Chemical Analysis. Part 6: Determination of Loss on Ignition (Standard No. NBR NM 17086-6)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2016). Soil\u2014Determination of the Plasticity Limit (Standard No. NBR 7180)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.053","article-title":"Microstructure and mineralogy of lightweight aggregates manufactured from mining and industrial wastes","volume":"25","author":"Rodas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.018","article-title":"Use of clay in the manufacture of lightweight aggregate","volume":"162","author":"Ayati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.03.216","article-title":"Effects of sintering temperature on the characteristics of lightweight aggregate made from sewage sludge and river sediment","volume":"748","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-023-01713-9","article-title":"Synthesis of artificial aggregates and their impact on performance of concrete: A review","volume":"25","author":"Bekkeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.08.110","article-title":"Effect of calcium compounds on lightweight aggregates prepared by firing a mixture of coal fly ash and waste glass","volume":"43","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosov, D., and Trn\u00edk, A. (2023). Thermodilatometric Study of High-Temperature Reactions in Illitic Clay and CaCO3 Mixture in Anorthite Stoichiometry, AIP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0147096"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-022-11848-w","article-title":"Raw kaolinitic\u2013illitic clays as high-mechanical-performance hydraulically pressed refractories","volume":"148","author":"Lidija","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.108122","article-title":"Upcycling glass wool and spodumene tailings in building ceramics from kaolinitic and illitic clay","volume":"81","author":"Lemougna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1590\/S0366-69132013000200017","article-title":"Development of ceramic adoquim with kaolinitic clays, chamotte and argillite","volume":"59","author":"Candido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cer\u00e2mica"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e11865","article-title":"Study of replacement levels of natural aggregate by chamotte in ceramic structural blocks for the development of grouts","volume":"22","author":"Ehrenbring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2024.107351","article-title":"Sedimentation kinetics of kaolinitic and illitic clay: Impact of cation valence, ionic concentration, and water content","volume":"253","author":"Choe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01055","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202447401055","article-title":"P The use of technological raw materials in high-alumina chamotte production","volume":"474","author":"Pavlova","year":"2024","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, T.A.S., Trugilho, P.F., S\u00f3nia, A.C., Ant\u00f4nio, J.V., Guimar\u00e3es, A.C., and Branco-Vieira, M. (2023). Impact of Chemical Composition on Eucalyptus Wood Clones for Sustainable Energy Production. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14112240"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, D.L.C., Razak, R.A., Kheimi, M., Yahya, Z., Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Burduhos Nergis, D.D., Fansuri, H., Ediati, R., Mohamed, R., and Abdullah, A. (2022). Artificial Lightweight Aggregates Made from Pozzolanic Material: A Review on the Method, Physical and Mechanical Properties, Thermal and Microstructure. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113929"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.111","article-title":"Lightweight aggregates from waste materials: Reappraisal of expansion behavior and prediction schemes for bloating","volume":"127","author":"Dondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"21","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of lightweight calcined clay aggregates on the performance of structural concrete","volume":"14","author":"Santis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.036","article-title":"Use of bottom ash and stone dust to make lightweight aggregate","volume":"99","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-024-2892-8","article-title":"Utilization of Basalt Saw Mud as a Spherical Porous Functional Aggregate for the Preparation of Ordinary Structure Concrete","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.-Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.016","article-title":"Application of water treatment sludge in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregate","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.159","article-title":"Effects of a two-step heating process on the properties of lightweight aggregate prepared with sewage sludge and saline clay","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2021). Coarse aggregate\u2014Determination of Specific Mass, Apparent Specific Mass and Water Absorption (Standard No. NBR NM 16917)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021). Aggregates\u2014Determination of Unit Mass and Void Index (Standard No. NBR NM 16972)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(00)00231-X","article-title":"Measurement and statistics of single pellet mechanical strength of differently shaped catalysts","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2003). Guide for Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (Standard No. ACI 213 R-03)."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2002). Lightweight Aggregates. Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete (Standard No. BS EN 13055-1)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cinexpan, Expanded Clay (2024, July 15). Technical Data Sheet Type 1506. Available online: https:\/\/www.cinexpan.com.br\/pdf\/ficha-tecnica-tipo-1506.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Cinexpan, Expanded Clay (2024, July 15). Technical Data Sheet Type 2215. Available online: https:\/\/www.cinexpan.com.br\/pdf\/ficha-tecnica-tipo-2215.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arlita (2023, July 17). Arlita Leca Technical Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.arlita.es\/sites\/default\/files\/201707\/Weber_Guia_tecnica_Arlita_Leca.pdf.","DOI":"10.20885\/jee.v10i1.28239"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Taguchi, G. (1987). Introduction to Quality Engineering: Designing Quality into Products and Processes, Asian Productivity Organization."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104875","article-title":"Optimization of a structural lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete for best performance under impact loading","volume":"136","author":"Bakhshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.08.001","article-title":"Manufacturing of Lightweight Aggregates with Carbon Fiber and Mineral Wastes","volume":"83","author":"Acosta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136654","article-title":"A Scientometric Review of the Synthesis and Application of Expanded Clay Aggregate in Cementitious Composites","volume":"437","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34887","article-title":"Development of Lightweight Structural Concrete with Artificial Aggregate Manufactured from Local Clay and Solid Waste Materials","volume":"10","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.05.172","article-title":"Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates Prepared from Coal and Biomass Co-Fired Fly Ashes and Sewage Sludge Fly Ash","volume":"50","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04001","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202455904001","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis on Characterization of Sustainable lightweight Self Compacting Concrete with Recycled Aggregate","volume":"559","author":"Renukuntla","year":"2024","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stempkowska, A., and Tomasz, G. (2024). Improved Artificial Aggregates for Use in Green Roof Design. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135512"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"45","article-title":"Study of the Reuse of Ceramic Tile Waste (Chamotte) in the Formulation of Mass for Ceramic Blocks","volume":"21","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.219","article-title":"The Production and Properties of Cold-Bonded Aggregate and Its Applications in Concrete: A Review","volume":"225","author":"Tajra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2021.05620","article-title":"Sintering of sepiolite-rich by-products for the manufacture of lightweight aggregates: Technological properties, thermal behavior and mineralogical changes","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123056","article-title":"Recycling of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes as Alternative Coarse Aggregates: A Step towards Cleaner Production of Concrete","volume":"287","author":"Chinnu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.07.001","article-title":"Manufacturing of Sintered Lightweight Aggregate Using High-Carbon Fly Ash and Its Effect on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Concrete","volume":"112","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119413","article-title":"Utilization of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Waste Glass Powder in Production of Lightweight Aggregates","volume":"256","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117890","article-title":"Influence of various sodium salt species on formation mechanism of lightweight aggregates made from coal fly ash-based material","volume":"239","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103207","article-title":"Utilization of Construction and Demolition Waste and Synthetic Aggregates","volume":"43","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.014","article-title":"Microstructure and mineralogy of lightweight aggregates produced from washing aggregate sludge, fly ash and used motor oil","volume":"32","author":"Rodas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104039","article-title":"Development of Sintered Aggregate Derived from POFA and Silt for Lightweight Concrete","volume":"49","author":"Kwek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111588","article-title":"A Critical Review on Cold-Bonded Artificial Aggregate Developed from Solid Wastes: From Granulation Analysis to Performance Evaluation","volume":"99","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.110190","article-title":"Preparation and Characteristics of Cold-Bonded Lightweight Aggregates by Recycling Mine Tailings and Industrial Waste Residues Based-Binder","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109967","article-title":"Microstructure, XRD, and Strength Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Lightweight Concrete Containing Artificial Lightweight Fine Aggregate and Silica Fume","volume":"94","author":"Rafieizonooz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2002). Lightweight Aggregates-Part 1: Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete, Mortar and Grout (Standard No. EN 13055-1:2002)."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N., Raza, J., Colangelo, F., and Farina, I. (2024). Advancements in Lightweight Artificial Aggregates: Typologies, Compositions, Applications, and Prospects for the Future. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219329"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosk, E., Kalinowska-Wichrowska, K., Kosior-Kazberuk, M., YILDIZ, M.J., Derpe\u0144ski, \u0141., Zamojski, P., and Lipowicz, P. (2024). The Basic Properties of Lightweight Artificial Aggregates Made with Recycled Concrete Fines. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16209134"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, J.T.F., Anjos, M.A.S., Silva Neto, J.A.S., Farias, E.C., Branco, F.G., and Pederneiras, C.M. (2025). Self-Compacting Concrete with Artificial Lightweight Aggregates from Sugarcane Ash and Calcined Scheelite Mining Waste. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15010452"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/5\/2017\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:18Z","timestamp":1760028198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/5\/2017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su17052017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17052017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}