{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1778343705592,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) through the Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation\u2014IAPMEI, I.P, within the scope of the \u201cAgenda PT Smart Retail\u201d","award":["PRR\/18_SMARTRETAIL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\/18_SMARTRETAIL"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) through the Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation\u2014IAPMEI, I.P, within the scope of the \u201cAgenda PT Smart Retail\u201d","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia within the R&amp;D Units Project","award":["PRR\/18_SMARTRETAIL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR\/18_SMARTRETAIL"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia within the R&amp;D Units Project","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of retail logistics, achieving operational efficiency and cost reductions requires distinguishing between value-added (VA) and non-value-added (NVA) activities. VA activities are those that bring products closer to their correct position on the shelf, with their price updated, guaranteeing their availability to customers. All other activities are considered as NVA activities. NVA activities include activities such as unnecessary handling, waiting, excessive movement, and stock mismanagement. This study is based on an on-site experience conducted in a Modelo supermarket, part of the Sonae group and one of Portugal\u2019s largest retailers, which reinforces the practical significance of its findings. By analyzing various aspects of internal retail logistics, this research challenges traditional definitions of value and waste\u2014typically applied in manufacturing\u2014and proposes a new approach tailored to retail operations. Six specific types of NVA activities were identified in this context. Applying this classification model, a multi-moment analysis was conducted to quantify the labor utilization in VA tasks, offering insights into process inefficiencies. The proposed model provides a systematic framework for categorizing retail logistics operations, supporting decision-makers in streamlining workflows, improving productivity, and optimizing resource allocation. Beyond academic discourse, this model serves as a practical tool for retailers aiming to enhance their internal logistics efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17073177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T05:51:26Z","timestamp":1743659486000},"page":"3177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of a Classification Model for Value-Added and Non-Value-Added Operations in Retail Logistics: Insights from a Supermarket Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Levi","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cerqueira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Dinis-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ohno, T. (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production, Productivity, Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Womack, J., and Jones, D. (1996). Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, Fee Press.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jors.2600967"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Womack, J., Jones, D., and Roos, D. (1990). The Machine that Changed the World, Free Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"88","article-title":"The effects of application of lean concept in retail","volume":"15","author":"Lukic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economia. Ser. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Carreira, B. (2004). Lean Manufacturing That Works: Powerful Tools for Dramatically Reducing Waste and Maximizing Profits, Amacom."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Liker, J. (2004). Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World\u2019s Greatest Manufacturer, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012032","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1209\/1\/012032","article-title":"Methods for identifying non-value-adding activities in construction processes","volume":"1209","author":"Klosova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-07-2021-0108","article-title":"Labor waste in housing construction projects: An empirical study","volume":"12","author":"Nassri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2023.2265382","article-title":"Connected and automated vehicle loading system for improving operational inefficiency from human driven vehicle in roll-on\/roll-off port operations","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2019.1629038","article-title":"Value adding and non-value adding activities in turnaround maintenance process: Classification, validation, and benefits","volume":"31","author":"Shou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1108\/09600039710170557","article-title":"Lean Logistics","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauldin, M. (2005). Lean Logistics: The Nuts and Bolts of Delivering Materials and Goods, Productivity Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781482278316"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Elfving, J.A., Ballard, G., and Talvitie, U. (2010). Standardizing logistics at the corporate level towards lean logistics in construction. Challenging Lean Construction Thinking: What Do We Think and What Do We Know? Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 18, Haifa, Israel, 14\u201316 July 2010, Technion."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, R., and Slagmulder, R. (2017). Supply Chain Development for the Lean Enterprise: Interorganizational Cost Management, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203737873"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"40","article-title":"The seven deadly wastes of logistics: Applying Toyota Production System principles to create logistics value","volume":"701","author":"Sutherland","year":"2007","journal-title":"White Pap."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Howick, N.Z. (2009). Total Flow Management: Achieving Excellence with Kaizen and Lean Supply Chains, Kaizen Institute."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14915","article-title":"Development of an improvement framework for warehouse processes using lean six sigma (DMAIC) approach. A case of third party logistics (3PL) services","volume":"9","author":"Adeodu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"91","article-title":"Applying a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to improve supply chain performance of agricultural products: A case of Thai exported canned lychee","volume":"14","author":"Tansuchat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Econ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of value stream mapping for improving the efficiency of the supply chain: A case study of Mueang Kao Post Office, Thailand","volume":"27","author":"Kuaites","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1108\/13598540610671815","article-title":"A voluntary logistics security program and international supply chain partnership","volume":"11","author":"Sheu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Supply Chain. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Myerson, P. (2012). Lean Supply Chain and Logistics Management, Establish Inc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pursup.2015.09.002","article-title":"Lean versus green: The impact of lean logistics on greenhouse gas emissions in consumer goods supply chains","volume":"22","author":"Ugarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Purch. Supply Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-012-4047-x","article-title":"An ANP-based assessment model for lean enterprise transformation","volume":"64","author":"Cil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6963(97)90007-3","article-title":"Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales","volume":"11","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abernathy, F.H., Dunlop, J.T., Hammond, J.H., and Weil, D. (1999). A Stitch in Time: Lean Retailing and the Transformation of Manufacturing\u2013Lessons from the Apparel and Textile Industries, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195126150.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, P.A., Jorge, D., and Reis, J. (2022). Using Lean to Improve Operational Performance in a Retail Store and E-Commerce Service: A Portuguese Case Study. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14105913"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, L.B., Cuadros, C.C., and Aranibar, M.T.N. (2021, January 7\u201311). Systematic literature review of the application of lean methodologies in the retail sector. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Singapore.","DOI":"10.46254\/SA02.20210681"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Baz\u00e1n, R.S.E., Ortiz, N.S.R., and De Pina, J.M.M. (2023, January 9\u201311). Lean Management Practices Applied in Retail Sector Businesses: A Systematic Review of Literature. Proceedings of the 4th South American International Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Conference, Lima, Peru."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Y., and Liu, H. (2022). Application of Value Stream Mapping in E-Commerce: A Case Study on an Amazon Retailer. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020713"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/7\/3177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:22Z","timestamp":1760029762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/7\/3177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["su17073177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17073177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}