{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:15:30Z","timestamp":1774098930908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon Europe Programme (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01-05)","award":["10108454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10108454"]}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon Europe Programme (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01-05)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon Europe Programme (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01-05)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["10108454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10108454"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated mealworm frass as a sustainable substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation while valorizing mushroom stems as aquaculture feed. Mushrooms were grown on substrates containing 0\u201315% frass, and nutritional analyses were conducted on both fruiting bodies (for human consumption) and stems (for fish feed). Increasing frass levels significantly enhanced protein content, rising from 7.78% to 22.31% in stems and 24.74% to 30.99% in fruiting bodies. Lipid concentrations showed minor fluctuations while, in contrast, \u03b2-glucan content declined with high frass inclusion percentages. Essential amino acid levels peaked at 7.37% in stems (15% frass) and 8.08% in fruiting bodies (12.5% frass). Polyunsaturated fatty acids dominated the fatty acid profile, increasing with high frass levels. Mushroom bodies and stems were additionally investigated for their antimicrobial activity to determine whether they could offer protection against common fish and human pathogens. Antimicrobial assays revealed that dichloromethane extracts from stems grown on 12.5% and 15% frass exhibited inhibitory activity (inhibition zones of 10\u201311 mm) against Tenacibaculum maritimum, a microorganism that poses a significant threat to aquaculture. These findings highlight mealworm frass as a promising substrate for enhancing mushroom nutritional value while providing a sustainable, protein-rich feed ingredient for aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T10:46:05Z","timestamp":1752662765000},"page":"6496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Waste to Value: Investigating Mushroom Stems from Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Mealworm Frass as a Nutritional Source for Aquaculture Feed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2227-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soukaina","family":"Hilali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Celabor, Research Center, Avenue du Parc 38, 4650 Chaineux, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Stierlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celabor, Research Center, Avenue du Parc 38, 4650 Chaineux, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Tello Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Carretera Calahorra, km 4, 26560 La Rioja, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"P\u00e9rez-Clavijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Carretera Calahorra, km 4, 26560 La Rioja, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrea Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tebrio Group S.L, Ctra. Nacional 620 km 244, 37120 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sabas","family":"de Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tebrio Group S.L, Ctra. Nacional 620 km 244, 37120 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tebrio Group S.L, Ctra. Nacional 620 km 244, 37120 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ozorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.11.034","article-title":"Mealworm as Dietary Protein Source for Rainbow Trout: Body and Fillet Quality Traits","volume":"484","author":"Iaconisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107273","article-title":"Rules Are Meant to Be Broken\u2014Rethinking the Regulations on the Use of Food Waste as Animal Feed","volume":"199","author":"Shurson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. 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