{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:35:53Z","timestamp":1778009753270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The construction industry increasingly integrates technological advancements to enhance efficiency and meet technical, environmental, and economic requirements. Self-compacting mortars are gaining popularity due to their superior fluidity, optimized compaction, and improved mechanical properties. This study explores the potential of statistical mix design methodology to optimize self-compacting mortars\u2019 fresh properties and strength development by replacing up to 20% of cement with pozzolana, limestone, and marble powder. A self-compacting mortar repository was used to develop robust models predicting slump flow, compressive strength at 28 days, water absorption, and capillary absorption. Results indicate that marble powder mixtures exhibit superior slump flow, up to 9% higher than other formulations. Compressive strengths range from 50 MPa to 70 MPa. Pozzolana and marble-based mortars show 15% and 12% strength reductions compared to the limestone-based mix, respectively. Water absorption increases slightly for mortars with marble (+2%) or pozzolana (+3%). The mortar containing marble powder has the lowest sorptivity coefficient due to its high specific surface area. The statistical analysis was conducted using a mixture design approach based on a second-order polynomial regression model. ANOVA results for the studied responses indicate that the calculated F-values exceed the critical thresholds, with p-values below 0.05 and R-squared values above 0.83, confirming the robustness and predictive reliability of the developed models. Life cycle assessment reveals that cement production accounts for over 80% of the environmental impact. Partial replacement with pozzolana, limestone, and marble powder reduces up to 19% of greenhouse gas emissions and 17.22% in non-renewable energy consumption, demonstrating the environmental benefits of optimized formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17167346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:44:21Z","timestamp":1755186261000},"page":"7346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic Optimization of Mortar Performance and Carbon Footprint Reduction Using Quarry Wastes and Natural Pozzolana: A Statistical and Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdellah","family":"Douadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory of Setif (LRGCS), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"},{"name":"Emergent Materials Research Unit (URME), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Makhlouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Sciences Department, FSBSA, Mouloud MAMMERI University of Tizi-Ouzou, PB N\u00b0 17 RP, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherif","family":"Belebchouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory of Setif (LRGCS), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"},{"name":"Emergent Materials Research Unit (URME), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Hebbache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory of Setif (LRGCS), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"},{"name":"Emergent Materials Research Unit (URME), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad","family":"Boutlikht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research Laboratory of Setif (LRGCS), Department of Civil Engineering, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8911-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammoudi","family":"Abderazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR-MPE, M\u2019hamed Bougara University, Independence Avenue, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"},{"name":"Applied Precision Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Setif 1 University-Ferhat Abbas, Setif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Construction Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5329-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Chajec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Construction Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33289-7","article-title":"Cement substitution with secondary materials can reduce annual global CO2 emissions by up to 1.3 gigatons","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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