{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:10:32Z","timestamp":1760710232934,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IITAA\u2014Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology","award":["UID\/00153\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00153\/2023"]}]},{"name":"DRCT\u2014Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing worldwide demand for essential oils (EOs) brings new opportunities for Azorean Cryptomeria japonica aerial parts waste valorization. Therefore, the phytochemical and bioactivity investigation of EOs from different Azorean C. japonica tissues, such as twigs (Az\u2013CJT), remains imperative to add more value to C. japonica\u2019s EO industry, alongside the contribution to the local sustainable circular bioeconomy. This study provides, for the first time, GC\u2013MS analysis and brine shrimp toxicity of the EO hydrodistilled from Az\u2013CJT and aims to compare these parameters with those determined for a commercial Azorean C. japonica (branches and foliage) EO obtained through steam distillation. The main Az\u2013CJT EO components were \u03b1-eudesmol (19.53%), phyllocladene (14.80%), elemol (12.43%), nezukol (11.34%), and \u03b3-eudesmol (5.32%), while \u03b1-pinene (28.62%), sabinene (24.30%), phyllocladene (5.10%), \u03b2-myrcene (5.09%), and limonene (4.93%) dominated in the commercial EO. Thus, Az\u2013CJT EO exhibited the highest sesquiterpenoids (43.52%), diterpenes (20.85%), and diterpenoids (13.21%) content, while the commercial EO was dominated by monoterpenes (74.61%). The Az\u2013CJT EO displayed significantly higher toxicity than the commercial EO, with mortality rates of 87.7% and 16.9%, respectively, at 100 \u00b5g\/mL. This result is likely related to the substantially higher terpenoid content of Az\u2013CJT EO (61.20% vs. 9.44%), largely attributed to the sesquiterpenoid fraction. Due to its distinct chemical profile, Az\u2013CJT EO may have differential commercial applications, warranting further investigation into its bioactive value and safe use. In conclusion, this study adds knowledge on the potentialities of C. japonica aerial parts\u2019 EOs from the Azorean region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su17209118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:07:22Z","timestamp":1760706442000},"page":"9118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical Composition and Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Twigs Essential Oil from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Janeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0200-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanner","family":"Wortham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Perfumery, 621 Park East Blvd, New Albany, IN 47150, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8718-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2010.00910.x","article-title":"Terpenoid biosynthesis and specialized vascular cells of conifer defense","volume":"52","author":"Zulak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpaa064","article-title":"Resin ducts as resistance traits in conifers: Linking dendrochronology and resin-based defences","volume":"40","author":"Zas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"116","article-title":"Development of pollen and female gametophytes in Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"1","author":"Hosoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"199","article-title":"Esp\u00e9cies florestais das ilhas\u2013A\u00e7ores","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"\u00c1rvores e Florestas de Portugal"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e A\u00e7\u00e3o Clim\u00e1tica (2025, June 17). Relat\u00f3rio do Estado do Ambiente dos A\u00e7ores 2020-2022; Portal do Estado do Ambiente dos A\u00e7ores, Available online: https:\/\/rea.azores.gov.pt\/UltimaEdicao.aspx."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R. (2015). Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) Oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13416979.2017.1380398","article-title":"Regeneration of Cryptomeria japonica seedlings on pine logs in a forest damaged by pine wilt disease: Effects of wood decomposer fungi on seedling survival and growth","volume":"22","author":"Fukasawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.09.003","article-title":"Two new sesquarterpenoids from the bark of Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0484529","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from different tissues of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-006-0866-4","article-title":"Quantitative comparisons of antitermite extractives in heartwood from the same clones of Cryptomeria japonica planted at two different sites","volume":"53","author":"Shibutani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17043890","article-title":"Essential oil from Cryptomeria japonica induces apoptosis in human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells via mitochondrial stress and activation of caspases","volume":"17","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Janeiro, A., Medeiros, J., Baptista, J., Madruga, J., and Lima, E. (2023). Biological activities of organic extracts and specialized metabolites from different parts of Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae): A critical review. Phytochemistry, 206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113520"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Medeiros, J., Baptista, J., Madruga, J., and Lima, E. (2021). Variations in essential oil chemical composition and biological activities of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex Lf) D. Don from different geographical origins: A critical review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311097"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2025, June 17). Essential Oils Market Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/5741537\/essential-oils-market-report."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: A review of recent developments","volume":"4","author":"Barra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1875","article-title":"Factors affecting secondary metabolites production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils","volume":"23","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flavour. Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/009286159803200223","article-title":"The use of biological assays to evaluate botanicals","volume":"32","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug. Inf. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., Figueiredo, A.C., and Lima, E. (2023). Essential oils from different parts of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae): Comparison of the yields, chemical compositions, and biological properties. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148375"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, F., Wortham, T., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., and Lima, E. (2024). Variations in essential oil biological activities of female cones at different developmental stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae). Separations, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11040102"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Frias, J., Wortham, T., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., and Lima, E. (2024). Anticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils of sawdust and resin-rich bark from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae): In vitro and in silico studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212328"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Chazarra, A., Mestre, A., Pires, V., Cunha, S., Silva, \u00c1., Marques, J., Carvalho, F., Mendes, M., Neto, J., and G\u00f3mez, I. (2011). Atlas Clim\u00e1tico dos Arquip\u00e9lagos das Can\u00e1rias, da Madeira e dos A\u00e7ores."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM) Council of Europe (2021). European Pharmacopoeia, EDQM Council of Europe. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, F., Rosa, J.S., Rodrigues, A., Oliveira, L., Lima, A., Barroso, J.G., and Lima, E. (2022). Essential oil variability of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica leaves under different distillation methods, Part 1: Color, yield and chemical composition analysis. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010452"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allures Publishing Corporation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, W.A., Hochmuth, D.H., and Joulain, D. (2001). Terpenoids and Related Constituents of Essential Oils, Institute of Organic Chemistry. Library of MassFinder."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971236","article-title":"Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents","volume":"45","author":"Meyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021). Aromatic Natural Raw Materials\u2013Vocabulary. Standard No. ISO 9235."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhang, N., Pei, S., and Yao, L. (2022). Odor perception of aromatherapy essential oils with different chemical types: Influence of gender and two cultural characteristics. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.998612"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"63","article-title":"Compositions and antioxidant activities of essential oils of different tissues from Cryptomeria japonica D. Don","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. Chin. For."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.008","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils against Legionella pneumophila","volume":"42","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-024-11347-2","article-title":"Deciphering the complexity of terpenoid biosynthesis and its multi-level regulatory mechanism in plants","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701214557","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of Argentinean essential oils on Artemia salina","volume":"45","author":"Oliva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioactivity of essential oils of selected temperate aromatic plants: Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other related pharmacological activities","volume":"16","author":"Svoboda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ayr Scotl. Plant Biol. Dep. SAC Auchincruive"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2800020303","article-title":"A blind comparison of simple bench-top bioassays and human tumour cell cytotoxicities as antitumor prescreens","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.090","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholinesterase and toxicity against Artemia salina of chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Pelargonium x ssp and Copaifera officinalis","volume":"167","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2145-1","article-title":"Biological screening of selected Pacific Northwest forest plants using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity bioassay","volume":"5","author":"Karchesy","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, S.W., Mahmoud, V.L., Wang, X., Teoh, M.L., Loh, K.M., Ng, C.H., Wong, W.F., and Looi, C.Y. (2024). Chemical profiling and cytotoxicity screening of agarwood essential oil (Aquilaria sinensis) in brine shrimp nauplii and cancer cell lines. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3902189\/v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramawat, K., and M\u00e9rillon, J.M. (2013). Sesquiterpenes and cytotoxicity. Natural Products, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22144-6"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12097","article-title":"Eudesmol isomers induce caspase-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells","volume":"113","author":"Bomfim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02527-0","article-title":"Alpha-eudesmol, a P\/Q-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, inhibits neurogenic vasodilation and extravasation following electrical stimulation of trigeminal ganglion","volume":"873","author":"Asakura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00102-3","article-title":"Omega-agatoxin IVA-sensitive Ca(2+) channel blocker, alpha-eudesmol, protects against brain injury after focal ischemia in rats","volume":"394","author":"Asakura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.151183","article-title":"Use-dependent block of voltage-gated Cav2.1 Ca2+ channels by petasins and eudesmol isomers","volume":"330","author":"Horak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, F., Fern\u00e1ndez, K., Urrejola, F., Touma, J., Navarro, M., Sep\u00falveda, B., Larrazabal-Fuentes, M., Paredes, A., Neira, I., and Ferrando, M. (2022). The essential oil from Drimys winteri possess activity: Antioxidant, theoretical chemistry reactivity, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and chemical composition. Front. Nat. Prod., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fntpr.2022.958425"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Moraes, \u00c2.A.B., Ferreira, O.O., da Costa, L.S., Almeida, L.Q., Varela, E.L.P., Cascaes, M.M., de Jesus Pereira Franco, C., Perc\u00e1rio, S., Nascimento, L.D.d., and de Oliveira, M.S. (2022). Phytochemical profile, preliminary toxicity, and antioxidant capacity of the essential oils of Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg. and Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey) DC. (Myrtaceae). Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102076"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/20\/9118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:34:21Z","timestamp":1760708061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/20\/9118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su17209118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su17209118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}}}