{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1762771215559,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["405510\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405510\/2023-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Pro-international publications program","award":["PRPGP\/UFSM 021\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRPGP\/UFSM 021\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology I.P.","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adoption of Product-Service Systems (PSSs) is an important strategy for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), although they face challenges connected to the scarcity of financial, human, and technological resources. Thus, this article seeks to propose a framework that integrates the barriers, drivers, innovation process, and business model elements associated with the adoption of PSSs in Brazilian industrial SMEs to offer guidelines for improvements to the strategies and practices adopted by such enterprises. The research adopted the Fuzzy Delphi method, applied to a panel of ten executives and managers of Brazilian industrial SMEs. This approach was employed to consensually validate a set of variables obtained from recent scientific literature. The results indicate that the adoption of PSSs by Brazilian industrial SMEs is influenced by structural, cultural, and technological barriers, yet driven by factors such as sustainability, customer relations, and competitiveness. Despite the acknowledgement of the importance of innovation, the processes remain little structured, with value proposition, the human factor, and stakeholder relations standing out as central elements in the business models. Through this study proposes specific strategic guidelines for four critical categories: provider enterprise, consumers, PSSs, and environmental aspects. Such guidelines can support managers in formulating practical actions for adopting PSSs, in addition to being replicable by other SMEs with similar characteristics. This research contributes to the literature originally by expanding the knowledge about the reality of PSS adoption by SMEs in emerging economies, thereby bridging a literature gap that still addresses their specificities generically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su172210020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"10020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Proposal of an Integrated Framework for the Strategic Implementation of Product-Service Systems in Brazilian Industrial Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8591-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Reis","family":"Favarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Administration Program, Franciscan University\u2014UFN, Santa Maria 97010-030, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana Marques","family":"Kneipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Administration and Accounting Sciences, Department of Administrative Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria\u2014UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreza Rodrigues de","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Administration and Accounting Sciences, Department of Administrative Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria\u2014UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7548-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Schoproni","family":"Bichueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Administration and Accounting Sciences, Department of Administrative Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria\u2014UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clandia Maffini","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Administration, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96201-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0858-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Frizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Administration and Accounting Sciences, Department of Administrative Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria\u2014UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9804-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa Margarida Cagica","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal (IPS), Campus do IPS, 2810-583 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulnour, S., Baril, C., Abdulnour, G., and Gamache, S. (2022). Implementation of industry 4.0 principles and tools: Simulation and case study in a manufacturing SME. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106336"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard, S., Gamache, S., and Abdulnour, G. (2023). Operationalizing mass customization in manufacturing SMEs\u2014A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043028"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1108\/JSBED-10-2023-0503","article-title":"Business model transition and entrepreneurial small businesses: A systematic literature review","volume":"31","author":"Leipziger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastrapa, L.H., Assump\u00e7\u00e3o, M.P., Tas\u00e9 Vel\u00e1zquez, D.R., Gennaro, C.K., and de Oliveira, E.D. (2019). Product-Service System Modularization: A Systematic Review. International Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43616-2_16"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, M.S.S., Andersen, A.L., Nielsen, K., and Brunoe, T.D. (2018). Modularity in product-service systems: Literature review and future research directions. IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99704-9_19"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137801","article-title":"The integration of the business model canvas and the service blueprinting to assist the conceptual design of new product-service systems","volume":"415","author":"Lechuga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2219345","article-title":"A design method for edge\u2013cloud collaborative product service system: A dynamic event-state knowledge graph-based approach with real case study","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.553","article-title":"Servitization of small-and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises: Facing barriers through the dortmund management model","volume":"52","author":"Michalik","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-11-2021-0457","article-title":"Design of product-service systems in SMEs: A review of current research and suggestions for future directions","volume":"35","author":"Johansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-11-2019-0272","article-title":"Exploring product\u2013service systems in the digital era: A socio-technical systems perspective","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"TQM J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14488\/BJOPM.2021.030","article-title":"Systematic literature review: Opportunities and trends to the post-outbreak period of COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Tokarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2020.1823517","article-title":"Business models towards SDGs: The barriers for operationalizing Product-Service System (PSS) in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Labbate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2020). SME and Entrepreneurship Policy in Brazil 2020, OECD Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2020\/04\/sme-and-entrepreneurship-policy-in-brazil-2020_445942b8\/cc5feb81-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-11-2019-0323","article-title":"Implementing social projects with undergraduate students: An analysis of essential characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Rampasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.152","article-title":"Overcoming barriers towards Sustainable Product-Service Systems in Small and Medium-sized enterprises: State of the art and a novel Decision Matrix","volume":"222","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.03.003","article-title":"Fostering growth patterns of SMEs through business model innovation. A tailored dynamic business modelling approach","volume":"130","author":"Cosenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s43093-022-00180-2","article-title":"Drivers of business model innovation in micro and small enterprises: Evidence from Egypt as an emerging economy","volume":"9","author":"ElNaggar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Bus. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6513.151313","article-title":"Product-service systems in a clinical laboratory: A case study","volume":"26","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Production"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.111","article-title":"A customization-oriented framework for design of sustainable product\/service system","volume":"140","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.01.012","article-title":"Transformation of a small-to-medium-sized enterprise to a multi-organisation product-service solution provider","volume":"192","author":"Clegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2020.1821402","article-title":"Preparing for smart product-service system (PSS) implementation: An investigation into the Daimler group","volume":"33","author":"Scur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pereira, V.R., de Carvalho, M.M., and Ribeiro, J.L.D. (2025, September 03). Product-Service System\u2013PSS: A Study of Business Drivers. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/271703163_Product-service_system_-_PSS_a_study_of_business_drivers."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-12-2021-0505","article-title":"Drivers and barriers of Industry 4.0 technology adoption among manufacturing SMEs: A systematic review and transformation roadmap","volume":"33","author":"Ghobakhloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2006.01.022","article-title":"Product-services as a research field: Past, present and future. Reflections from a decade of research","volume":"14","author":"Tukker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.08.013","article-title":"Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: An overview","volume":"45","author":"Boons","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.049","article-title":"Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy\u2013A review","volume":"97","author":"Tukker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.012","article-title":"From linear to circular economy: PSS conducting the transition","volume":"64","author":"Michelini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"308","article-title":"Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy","volume":"33","author":"Bocken","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2018.1449247","article-title":"Product-service systems business models for circular supply chains","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.061","article-title":"Exploring the critical factors for sustainable product-service systems implementation and diffusion in developing countries: An analysis of two PSS cases in Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Miguel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.187","article-title":"Consuming use orientated product service systems: A consumer culture theory perspective","volume":"141","author":"Catulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Pieroni, M.P., McAloone, T.C., and Pigosso, D.C. (2019, January 1\u20133). Configuring new business models for circular economy: From patterns and design options to action. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on New Business Models: New Business Models for Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Transformation, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.008","article-title":"Business Model configuration for PSS: An explorative study","volume":"64","author":"Orellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annarelli, A., Battistella, C., Nonino, F., Annarelli, A., Battistella, C., and Nonino, F. (2019). How product service system can disrupt companies\u2019 business model. The Road to Servitization: How Product Service Systems Can Disrupt Companies\u2019 Business Models, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12251-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.036","article-title":"Transforming a traditional product offer into PSS: A practical application","volume":"47","author":"Pieroni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.08.019","article-title":"Knowledge sharing dynamics in service suppliers\u2019 involvement for servitization of manufacturing companies","volume":"193","author":"Ayala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.07.003","article-title":"Product\u2013Service Systems (PSS) business models and tactics\u2013a systematic literature review","volume":"97","author":"Reim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.414","article-title":"Eight types of product\u2013service system: Eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet","volume":"13","author":"Tukker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bus. Strat. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.056","article-title":"Business model innovation: Process and tools for service transformation of industrial firms","volume":"64","author":"Adrodegari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.089","article-title":"A system modelling approach to collaborative PSS design","volume":"83","author":"Orellano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-08-2021-0317","article-title":"Servitisation and performance in the business-to-business context: The moderating role of Industry 4.0 technologies","volume":"33","author":"Bortoluzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.08.061","article-title":"Product service system: A conceptual framework from a systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Annarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.062","article-title":"Overcoming the product-service model adoption obstacles","volume":"64","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, W., and Lin, L. (2023). Evaluating the Whole-Process Management of Future Communities Based on Integrated Fuzzy Decision Methods. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152316306"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3233\/HSM-1985-5111","article-title":"A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2022.100121","article-title":"An Integrated Fuzzy Delphi and Best Worst Method (BWM) for performance measurement in higher education","volume":"4","author":"Petrudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Decis. Anal. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Keogh, J.G., and Zailani, S. (2022). Barriers to blockchain adoption in the circular economy: A fuzzy Delphi and best-worst approach. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063611"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106453","article-title":"Towards a unified criteria model for usability evaluation in the context of open source software based on a fuzzy Delphi method","volume":"130","author":"Dawood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.01.060","article-title":"A socio-technical view of platform ecosystems: Systematic review and research agenda","volume":"128","author":"Kapoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, J.Z., and Hsieh, C.C. (2025). Fuzzy Delphi Evaluation on Long-Term Care Nurse Aide Platform: Socio-Technical Approach for Job Satisfaction and Work Effectiveness. Appl. Syst. Innov., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi8020030"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karnavas, S.I., Peteinatos, I., Kyriazis, A., and Barbounaki, S.G. (2025). Using fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making as a human-centered AI approach to adopting new technologies in maritime education in Greece. Information, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/info16040283"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118991","article-title":"A framework based on fuzzy Delphi and DEMATEL for sustainable product development: A case of Indian automotive industry","volume":"246","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1543969","article-title":"When risks need attention: Adoption of green supply chain initiatives in the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"57","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.21710\/rch.v19i0.301","article-title":"Taxonomy of company size in research: Characterizing Medium-sized Enterprises","volume":"19","author":"Freire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hermes Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ministry of Economy, Special Secretariat for Productivity and Competitiveness (2025, September 03). Company Map: Bulletin for the First Four Months of 2025 (1st ed.), Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/empresas-e-negocios\/pt-br\/mapa-de-empresas\/boletins\/mapa-de-empresas-boletim-1o-quadrimestre-2025-pdf.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"eRAMC240073","article-title":"Factors influencing the survival of micro and small businesses in Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Neves","year":"2024","journal-title":"RAM. Mackenzie Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"94","article-title":"Development of Product Service System Modelling in SMED: The Case of Inventory Control","volume":"1","author":"Suaily","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mod. Manuf. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, D., Lu, C., and Jiang, S. (2022). An iterative design method from products to product service systems\u2014Combining acceptability and sustainability for manufacturing SMEs. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020722"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herceg, I.V., Ku\u010d, V., Miju\u0161kovi\u0107, V.M., and Herceg, T. (2020). Challenges and driving forces for industry 4.0 implementation. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104208"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-023-00520-4","article-title":"Barriers and opportunities of digital servitization for SMEs: The effect of smart Product-Service System business models","volume":"17","author":"Benhayoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Serv. Bus."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123835","article-title":"Assessment of European countries\u2019 national circular economy policies","volume":"373","author":"Vega","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2017.09.011","article-title":"Drivers and outcomes of relationship quality with professional service firms: An SME owner-manager perspective","volume":"78","author":"Casidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13731-022-00235-2","article-title":"Relational capital and strategic orientations as antecedents of innovation: Evidence from Mexican SMEs","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innov. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-021-00459-8","article-title":"Competitive advantage and dynamic capability in small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic literature review and future research directions","volume":"16","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"248","article-title":"Innovation capability, strategic flexibility and SME performance: The roles of competitive advantage and competitive intensity","volume":"15","author":"Otache","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Econ. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yusof, R.N.R., and Jaharuddin, N.S. (2025). Driving SMEs\u2019 Sustainable Competitive Advantage: The Role of Service Innovation, Intellectual Property Protection, Continuous Innovation Performance, and Open Innovation. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17094093"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-7849rac2019180314","article-title":"Business Model and Strategy: In search of dialog through value perspective","volume":"23","author":"Meirelles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Adm. Contemp."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, A.F., Hollnagel, H.C., and Santos, F.D.A. (2025). Servitization as a Circular Economy Strategy: A Brazilian Tertiary Packaging Industry for Logistics and Transportation. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146492"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriques, R., Figueiredo, F., and Nunes, J. (2023). Product-services for a resource-efficient and circular economy: An updated review. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151512077"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitake, Y., Hiramitsu, K., Tsutsui, Y., Sholihah, M.A., and Shimomura, Y. (2020). A Strategic Planning Method to Guide Product\u2014Service System Development and Implementation. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187619"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13731-025-00520-w","article-title":"Customer relationship management and value creation as key mediators of female-owned MSMEs\u2019 market performance","volume":"14","author":"Hendrayati","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Innov. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.11.057","article-title":"Communication and service innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)","volume":"211","author":"Zulkepli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia\u2014Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"14","article-title":"Corporate Governance Challenges for Small and Medium Enterprises in the Constrained Zimbabwean Economy","volume":"9","author":"Dzingirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Manag. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohlbeck, E., Cauchick-Miguel, P.A., Mendes, G.H.D.S., and Zomer, T.T.D.S. (2023). A longitudinal history-based review of the product-service system: Past, present, and future. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511922"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293X21991806","article-title":"Enhancing knowledge management in the PSS detailed design: A case study in a food and bakery machinery company","volume":"29","author":"Sassanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Concurr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127926","article-title":"Life cycle analysis of electronic products for a product-service system","volume":"314","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"312","article-title":"The role of servitization for small firms: Drivers versus barriers","volume":"26","author":"Confente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/22\/10020\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:38:46Z","timestamp":1762771126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/22\/10020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["su172210020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su172210020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}