{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:39:03Z","timestamp":1765373943121,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key indicator for assessing pasture degradation. This study presents an integrated, field-based approach to analyzing SOC dynamics in pastures of Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). Unlike methods based exclusively on remote sensing or modeling, our analysis is based on 350 georeferenced soil samples collected by Embrapa Solos and complemented by historical land use data, providing robust and reliable empirical evidence. Statistical methods (ANOVA, Tukey test), geostatistical interpolation (kriging), and unsupervised clustering (k-means) were used to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of SOC. The results revealed patterns linked to both topographic and anthropogenic drivers, enabling the objective delineation of degraded versus non-degraded pastures. SOC levels below 40 g\/kg in areas under 300 m elevation were strongly associated with degradation due to intensive use. In contrast, degradation at higher altitudes was primarily linked to sloping terrain more prone to water erosion. This methodological approach demonstrates the potential of combining field data with data mining tools to detect degradation patterns and inform targeted land management. The findings reaffirm SOC as a vital indicator of soil quality and highlight the importance of sustainable pasture practices in conserving carbon stocks and mitigating climate change. The proposed threshold-based method offers a practical foundation for diagnosing degraded pastures and identifying priority areas for restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su172310764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"10764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Threshold of Soil Organic Carbon and Topography Reveal Degradation Patterns in Brazilian Pastures: Evidence from Rio de Janeiro State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3221-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Ar\u00e3o","family":"Bila Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Ant\u00f3nio Leal","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQVR\u2014Chemistry Center of Vila Real, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Coordination of Environmental Justice Promoters of the Parana\u00edba and Baixo Rio Grande River Basins, Rua Coronel Ant\u00f4nio Rios, 951, Uberaba 38061-150, MG, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Adriana Monteiro","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6620, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Mendon\u00e7a-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Solos\u2014Rua Jardim Bot\u00e2nico, 1024, CEP, Rio de Janeiro 22460-000, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe Sanches","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences, Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frame, J. 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