{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1766987045881,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/50021\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50021\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/PRR\/50021\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/50021\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves across Southern Europe pose growing challenges to the performance and profitability of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study quantifies the impact of elevated ambient temperatures on three large-scale PV power plants located in distinct Portuguese climatic zones: Amareleja, Alcoutim, and T\u00e1bua. Using 15 years of hourly meteorological data from PVGIS (2009\u20132023), five temperature models\u2014NOCT, Faiman, PVSyst, NOCT (SAM), and Sandia\u2014were implemented to estimate cell temperature and corresponding PV output under reference and elevated temperature conditions (+2 \u00b0C and +5 \u00b0C). A three-fold sensitivity analysis assessed (i) the influence of module parameters (temperature coefficient and NOCT), (ii) the effect of stochastic, non-uniform temperature perturbations mimicking realistic heat waves, and (iii) the impact of the selected PV performance model by comparing the simplified linear temperature-corrected approach with the one-diode and three-parameter (1D + 3P) model. Results show that a uniform +2 \u00b0C rise reduces annual energy yield by 0.74% and a +5 \u00b0C rise by 1.85%, while stochastic perturbations slightly amplify these losses to 0.80% and 2.01%. The 1D + 3P model predicts stronger nonlinear effects, with reductions of \u22122.42% and \u22126.06%. Although modest at plant scale, such impacts could translate into annual national revenue losses exceeding 10 million EUR, considering Portugal\u2019s 6.32 GW installed PV capacity. The findings highlight the importance of accounting for realistic temperature dynamics and model uncertainty when assessing PV performance under a warming climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su18010289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:28:19Z","timestamp":1766986099000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat Waves and Photovoltaic Performance: Modelling, Sensitivity, and Economic Impacts in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID\/IST, University of Lisbon, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabela","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, A.V.M., Raimundo, A.M., Gaspar, A.R., and Quintela, D.A. 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