{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T17:46:09Z","timestamp":1768326369927,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MED \u2013 Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory CHANGE \u2013 Global Change and Sustainability Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since Portugal acceded to the European Union, the measures introduced under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have significantly influenced farmers\u2019 behavior and their choices of agricultural activities, with different consequences on agricultural sustainability. This paper analyses changes in crop-based income following the CAP evolution in Portuguese agriculture from 1989 until 2023 and their consequences on agricultural sustainability. The analysis is based on the Standard Output (SO) for temporary and permanent crops. These data were sourced from the Agricultural Census, conducted every ten years, and the Farm Structure Surveys were held every three years. To examine the evolution of land use and establish relationships between variables, the study employed HJ-Biplot methodology and cluster analysis. Then, a comparative analysis with agricultural sustainability trends, using several social and environmental indicators, was carried out. Regarding temporary crops, the results reveal a decline in the total SO weight of cereals for grain, alongside an increase in vegetables and floriculture. For permanent crops, a decrease was observed in fresh fruits and citrus fruits, while nuts and subtropical fruits showed notable growth. Also, the positive evolution of several SOs was accompanied by improvements in agricultural sustainability on environmental and social indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su18020791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1768304578000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Land-Use Evolution and Trends in Portugal: An Approach Based on the Standard Output"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFAGE (Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics), University of \u00c9vora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000-803 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria do Socorro","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os de Estat\u00edstica, GPP (Gabinete de Planeamento e Pol\u00edticas), Pra\u00e7a do Com\u00e9rcio, 1149-010 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0531-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFAGE-UE (Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics), Management Department, Universidade de \u00c9vora, N 2, Apt. 95, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Leonor da Silva","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 2640-742 Mafra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Bel\u00e9m","family":"Costa Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences and Technology Faculty, MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2008). 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