{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:38:21Z","timestamp":1772102301486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing volume of waste electrical and electronic equipment presents both an environmental challenge and an opportunity for recovering critical raw materials embedded in discarded products. While recycling technologies are advancing, effective recovery remains strongly constrained by upstream collection systems, particularly in urban contexts subject to uncertainty, capacity limits, and regulatory constraints. This paper examines WEEE collection as a key lever for supporting sustainable critical-metal recovery in Europe. Methodologically, the study combines a Scopus-based bibliometric mapping and an institutional analysis of EU collection arrangements with the development of a robust multi-period mixed-integer linear programming model. After analysing organisational and regulatory arrangements in Poland and Portugal as illustrative cases, the paper introduces the Robust Multi-Period WEEE Allocation and Rare Metal Accumulation Problem (MP-WARMAP). The model integrates uncertain WEEE availability, intertemporal logistics planning, threshold-based rare-metal accumulation with endogenous sale timing, and a binding transport-related emission cap. Computational experiments show that robustness against inflow uncertainty can be achieved at a relatively low economic cost, that emission regulation exhibits a feasibility-threshold effect, and that capacity constraints may dominate price signals in determining recovery timing. The results highlight the importance of collection-system design and operational feasibility for improving the recovery of critical materials from urban WEEE streams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su18052231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T09:31:32Z","timestamp":1772098292000},"page":"2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing E-Waste Collection for Sustainable Recovery of Critical Metals in Urban Collection Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7964-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gdowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Management, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6494-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Management, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136132","article-title":"A comprehensive review of used electrical and electronic equipment management with a focus on the circular economy-based policy-making","volume":"389","author":"Cheshmeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rudolf, S., Bl\u00f6meke, S., Sharma, P., Lawrenz, S., Scheller, C., Mennenga, M., Schmidt, K., Herrmann, C., Rausch, A., and Spengler, T.S. (2020). Efficient Use\u2014An Interdisciplinary Framework towards the Cascade Use of Electronics. 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