{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:30:05Z","timestamp":1775446205694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcystin (MC) contamination of surface waters threatens ecosystems and public health. Nature-based solutions such as Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) systems have been used for MC remediation. However, the biological mechanisms controlling MC degradation remain unclear. The present study investigates microbial community responses in two MSL systems with different clay contents (8% and 54%) exposed to MC-contaminated inputs (well water and eutrophied lake water). Samples were analysed before and after treatment using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify the mlrA gene (encoding microcystinase) and its bacterial hosts. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to assess microbial diversity, while the FAPROTAX database was used to predict functional characteristics. Results showed that MC was mainly adsorbed in pozzolan layers, while mlrA gene abundance and MC-degrading bacteria were higher in soil mixture layers. The presence of mlrA and associated bacteria was most pronounced in lake inflow samples, indicating intrinsic MC Biodegradation potential. Taxonomic analysis revealed dominant phyla including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidota. Functional analysis identified dominant traits such as chemoheterotrophy and aerobic metabolism. These findings provide new insights into microbial interactions in MSL systems and contribute to the optimisation of water treatment strategies for MC-contaminated environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su18073298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"3298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Community Dynamics and Functional Traits in Nature-Based Water Treatment for Microcystin Biodegradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Roseline Prisca","family":"Aba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water Sciences, Microbial Biotechnologies and Natural Resources Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water Sciences, Microbial Biotechnologies and Natural Resources Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Avenue Ruvubu, Bujumbura P.O. Box 6807, Burundi"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Zoccarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Zur alten Fischerhuette 2, 14775 Stechlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sergio Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Boo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo A. M.","family":"Alexandrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naaila","family":"Ouazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water Sciences, Microbial Biotechnologies and Natural Resources Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Water Sciences, Microbial Biotechnologies and Natural Resources Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Mandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Water Sciences, Microbial Biotechnologies and Natural Resources Sustainability, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2020.1843060","article-title":"An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: Their occurrence and influencing factors","volume":"41","author":"Massey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Ding, Y., Zhang, W., Wu, M., Xiao, B., and Gu, P. (2023). Transmission of Microcystins in Natural Systems and Resource Processes: A Review of Potential Risks to Humans Health. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15070448"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110890","article-title":"Update on the adverse effects of microcystins on the liver","volume":"195","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115638","article-title":"A complete route for biodegradation of potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxin microcystin-LR in a novel indigenous bacterium","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., Fastner, J., and Welker, M. (2021). Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in a changing environment: Concepts, controversies, challenges. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13182463"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibelings, B.W., Kurmayer, R., Azevedo, S.M.F.O., Wood, S.A., Chorus, I., and Welker, M. (2021). Understanding the occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003081449-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.06.037","article-title":"Breakthrough of cyanobacteria in bank filtration","volume":"102","author":"Pazouki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/wej.12687","article-title":"Ability of bank filtration to remove cyanotoxins under different levels of nutrients","volume":"35","author":"Walkenhorst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.11.055","article-title":"Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR removal by household slow sand filters operating in continuous and intermittent flows","volume":"150","author":"Terin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172590","article-title":"Fungal removal of cyanotoxins in constructed wetlands: The forgotten degraders","volume":"929","author":"Sapkota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"102549","article-title":"Constructed wetland mesocosms improve the biodegradation of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin by indigenous bacterial consortia","volume":"131","author":"Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10062","article-title":"Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration","volume":"17","author":"Chorus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2025.107595","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to mitigate cyanobacteria blooms and remove toxins from contaminated water","volume":"289","author":"Aba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142187","article-title":"Innovative approaches for Microcystin removal: Bacterioplankton biodegradation and multi-soil-layering system performance assessment","volume":"452","author":"Mugani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119397","article-title":"Biodegradation of MC-LR and its key bioactive moiety Adda by Sphingopyxis sp. YF1: Comprehensive elucidation of the mechanisms and pathways","volume":"229","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10013","article-title":"Characterisation of a gene cluster involved in bacterial degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR","volume":"16","author":"Bourne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Determination of microcystin-LR degrading gene mlrA in biofilms at a biological drinking water treatment facility","volume":"7","author":"Shimizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maejo Int. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00036-09","article-title":"Development of an mlrA gene-directed TaqMan PCR assay for quantitative assessment of microcystin-degrading bacteria within water treatment plant sand filter biofilms","volume":"75","author":"Hoefel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2017.04.011","article-title":"Aerobic biodegradation of microcystin-LR by an indigenous bacterial mixed culture isolated in Taiwan","volume":"124","author":"Tsao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Q., Liu, K., Xu, K., Sun, R., Zhang, J., Yin, L., and Pu, Y. (2018). Further understanding of degradation pathways of microcystin-LR by an indigenous sphingopyxis sp. in environmentally relevant pollution concentrations. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120536"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Gan, M., Zhu, J., Liu, X., and Qiu, G. (2018). Assessment of bioleaching microbial community structure and function based on next-generation sequencing technologies. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8120596"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nema, V. (2018). The Role and Future Possibilities of Next-Generation Sequencing in Studying Microbial Diversity. Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814849-5.00034-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163965","article-title":"Unraveling microbial community by next-generation sequencing in living membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment","volume":"886","author":"Cabreros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4507","article-title":"Decoupling function and taxonomy in the global ocean microbiome","volume":"353","author":"Louca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Li, T., Li, H., Wang, C., Li, L., Lin, X., and Lin, S. (2021). Diversity distribution, driving factors and assembly mechanisms of free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities at a subtropical marginal sea. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122445"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Yu, Z., Cao, X., Jiang, W., He, L., Zang, X., and Song, X. (2024). Double effects of mitigating cyanobacterial blooms using modified clay technology: Regulation and optimization of the microbial community structure. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1480069"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.12.008","article-title":"Using clay to control harmful algal blooms: Deposition and resuspension of clay\/algal flocs","volume":"4","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0745","article-title":"Degradation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in batch experiments","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00149-X","article-title":"The adsorption of microcystin-LR by natural clay particles","volume":"38","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tazart, Z., Manganelli, M., Scardala, S., Buratti, F.M., Di Gregorio, F.N., Douma, M., Mouhri, K., Testai, E., and Loudiki, M. (2021). Remediation strategies to control toxic cyanobacterial blooms: Effects of macrophyte aqueous extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (growth, toxin production and oxidative stress response) and on bacterial ectoenzymatic activities. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081782"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"117","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial blooms in Lalla Takerkoust lake-reservoir (Morocco)","volume":"24","author":"Saqrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. L\u2019eau"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00093-9","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and quantification of microcystins (heptapeptides hepatotoxins) in Microcystis aeruginosa dominated bloom of Lalla Takerkoust lake-reservoir (Morocco)","volume":"39","author":"Oudra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Salzberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiaa255","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa255","article-title":"Microeco: An R package for data mining in microbial community ecology","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2023). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-002-3007-7","article-title":"Dynamics of microcystin-degrading bacteria in mucilage of Microcystis","volume":"46","author":"Maruyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01887","article-title":"Degradation of microcystins by water and bottom sediment bacterial communities from a eutrophic freshwater lake","volume":"82","author":"Bukowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101895","article-title":"Taxonomic and Genotypical Heterogeneity of Microcystin degrading Bacterioplankton in Western Lake Erie","volume":"98","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.260","article-title":"Agro-industrial residues as a unique support in a sand filter to enhance the bioactivity to remove microcystin-Leucine aRginine and organics","volume":"670","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Sun, X.R., Feng, J., Zhu, S.F., and Shui, W. (2022). Metagenomic analysis reveals the different characteristics of microbial communities inside and outside the karst tiankeng. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02513-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Yan, B., Wu, Y., Yin, M., Wang, M., and Fu, C. (2023). Microbial community diversity and potential functionality in response to dam construction along the Three Gorge Reservoir, China. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1218806"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119947","article-title":"Microcystin-LR exposure enhances toxin-degrading capacity and reduces metabolic diversity of sediment microbial communities","volume":"311","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.07.060","article-title":"Cyanobacterial bloom mitigation by sanguinarine and its effects on aquatic microbial community structure","volume":"253","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinar-M\u00e9ndez, A., Wangensteen, O.S., Pr\u00e6bel, K., Galofr\u00e9, B., M\u00e9ndez, J., Blanch, A.R., and Garc\u00eda-Aljaro, C. (2022). Monitoring Bacterial Community Dynamics in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: An Integrative Approach Using Metabarcoding and Microbial Indicators in Large Water Volumes. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14091435"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiz162","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz162","article-title":"Correlation between specific groups of heterotrophic bacteria and microcystin biodegradation in freshwater bodies of central Europe","volume":"95","author":"Dziga","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiag017","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiag017","article-title":"From bystander to key player: Unveiling the gut microbiota\u2019s role in mediating cyanobacterial toxicity in aquatic animals","volume":"102","author":"Decaestecker","year":"2026","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126452","article-title":"Biotic and abiotic factors affect microcystin-LR concentrations in water\/sediment interface","volume":"236","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-022-02701-6","article-title":"Promoting the simultaneous removal of Microcystis bloom and microcystin-RR by Bacillus sp. AK3 immobilized on floating porous glass pellets","volume":"34","author":"Boonbangkeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125398","article-title":"Removal of microcystin-LR and other water pollutants using sand coated with bio-optimized carbon submicron particles: Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide","volume":"397","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127610","article-title":"Microcystis colony formation: Extracellular polymeric substance, associated microorganisms, and its application","volume":"360","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118354","article-title":"Using soil amendments to reduce microcystin-LR bioaccumulation in lettuce","volume":"292","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A.A., Soldatou, S., de Magalh\u00e3es, V.F., Azevedo, S.M.F.O., Camacho-Mu\u00f1oz, D., Lawton, L.A., and Edwards, C. (2021). Degradation of Multiple Peptides by Microcystin-Degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20). Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040265"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43814","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43814","article-title":"Abundant iron and sulfur oxidizers in the stratified sediment of a eutrophic freshwater reservoir with annual cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, E.F., Griffin, N., Kelso, J.E., Carling, G.T., Baker, M.A., and Aanderud, Z.T. (2020). Stream Microbial Community Structured by Trace Elements, Headwater Dispersal, and Large Reservoirs in Sub-Alpine and Urban Ecosystems. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.491425"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147087","article-title":"Algal blooms modulate organic matter remineralization in freshwater sediments: A new insight on priming effect","volume":"784","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144884","article-title":"Microcystis blooms aggravate the diurnal alternation of nitrification and nitrate reduction in the water column in Lake Taihu","volume":"767","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00413-5","article-title":"Degradation of microcystin in sediments at oxic and anoxic, denitrifying conditions","volume":"37","author":"Holst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/18\/7\/3298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:19:26Z","timestamp":1775441966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/18\/7\/3298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["su18073298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su18073298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]}}}