{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:25:41Z","timestamp":1766035541429,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["2021.06345.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06345.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00285\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surgeries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The development of CAD, FEA, and biomechanical models of the shoulder is challenging due to the joint\u2019s complexity. The spatial relationships between bones, muscles and ligaments are difficult to parameterize, both statically and dynamically, because these structures move three-dimensionally and synergistically. Methods: An assembly of the shoulder joint was developed, including parameterisation of the positional relationships among the rotator cuff structures, with particular focus on the bone components: Humerus, Scapula, Clavicle, and Sternum. Discussion: The abundance of existing CAD models of the shoulder makes it difficult to compare numerical results. Variability in reference frames, positioning assumptions and geometric relationships often hinders reproducibility and cross-study interpretation. Conclusions: The presented methodology supports standardised assembly of a shoulder joint model, ensuring consistent assumptions about the relative positioning of the bony structures. This standardization enables more accurate numerical comparisons across studies and improves the reliability of biomechanical research on the shoulder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries6040110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T17:22:58Z","timestamp":1765905778000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New Methodology for the Shoulder Biomechanical CAD Model Position Parametrization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3295-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Maranha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes\u2014Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Roseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes\u2014Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carvalhais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE, 3094-001 Figueira da Foz, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes\u2014Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90270-B","article-title":"Geometry parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the shoulder system","volume":"25","author":"Veeger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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