{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1770053267662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainable Chemistry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An effective process to remove nitrogen-based compounds from fossil fuels without harming the process of sulfur removal is an actual gap in refineries. A success combination of desulfurization and denitrogenation processes capable of completely removing the most environmental contaminates in diesel under sustainable conditions was achieved in this work, applying polyoxometalates as catalysts, hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, and an immiscible ionic liquid as an extraction solvent. The developed process based in simultaneous oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) involved initial extraction of sulfur and nitrogen compounds followed by catalytic oxidation. Keggin-type polyoxomolybdates revealed much higher reusing capacity than the related polyoxotungstate. Effectively, the first catalysts practically allowed complete sulfur and nitrogen removal only in 1 h of reaction and for ten consecutive cycles, maintaining the original catalyst and ionic liquid samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/suschem2020022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"382-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Removing Simultaneously Sulfur and Nitrogen from Fuel under a Sustainable Oxidative Catalytic System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinis F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1952-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Mirante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Baltazar","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cunha-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8984-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salete S.","family":"Balula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091939","article-title":"Energy Resources and Global Development","volume":"302","author":"Chow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1454357","article-title":"Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissions","volume":"68","author":"Frey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.06.047","article-title":"Country- and manufacturer-level attribution of air quality impacts due to excess NOx emissions from diesel passenger vehicles in Europe","volume":"189","author":"Malina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on European ecosystems. Past and future exposure of European freshwater and terrestrial habitats to acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Agency","year":"2014","journal-title":"EEA Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"15","article-title":"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems","volume":"17","author":"Keskin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/01614940.2012.650958","article-title":"Desulfurization of Real and Model Liquid Fuels Using Light: Photocatalysis and Photochemistry","volume":"54","author":"Samokhvalov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/opec.12110","article-title":"Global scenarios for fuel oil utilisation under new sulphur and carbon regulations","volume":"41","author":"Alshammari","year":"2017","journal-title":"OPEC Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14409","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04242","article-title":"Experimental Assessment of NOx Emissions from 73 Euro 6 Diesel Passenger Cars","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.09.004","article-title":"Oxidative denitrogenation with TiO2@porous carbon catalyst for purification of fuel: Chemical aspects","volume":"240","author":"Bhadra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirante, F., Mendes, R.F., Paz, F.A.A., and Balula, S.S. (2020). High Catalytic Efficiency of a Layered Coordination Polymer to Remove Simultaneous Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds from Fuels. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10070731"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b02779","article-title":"Nitrogen Removal from Oil: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Prado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119459","article-title":"Insights into the effect of solvent on dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization","volume":"287","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01135-1","article-title":"Ionic liquids for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in fuels: A review","volume":"19","author":"Paucar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelici, R.J. (2005). Hydrodesulfurization & Hydrodenitrogenation. Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470862106.ia090"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9034","DOI":"10.1021\/ie900754f","article-title":"Deep Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oils Catalyzed by Decatungstates in the Ionic Liquid of [BMIM]PF6","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1021\/ie010618x","article-title":"Desulfurization and Denitrogenation Process for Light Oils Based on Chemical Oxidation followed by Liquid-Liquid Extraction","volume":"41","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1039\/C6QI00130K","article-title":"Efficient concurrent removal of sulfur and nitrogen contents from complex oil mixtures by using polyoxometalate-based composite materials","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201900624","article-title":"Desulfurization and Denitrogenation Processes to Treat Diesel Using Mo(VI)-Bipyridine Catalysts","volume":"43","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5813(18)30045-8","article-title":"Efficient and sustainable V-catalyzed oxidative desulfurization of fuels assisted by ionic liquids","volume":"46","author":"Coletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fuel Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SE00218F","article-title":"The quantity and type of ILs needed to form magnetic-heteropolyacid mesoporous catalysts and their highly performance for DBT removal","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120551","article-title":"Desulfurization of diesel fuel by one-pot method with morpholinium-based Br\u00f8nsted acidic ionic liquid","volume":"296","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcat.2021.111515","article-title":"A simple desulfurization process to achieve high efficiency, sustainability and cost-effectivity via peroxotungstate catalyst","volume":"505","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2019.117154","article-title":"A sustainable peroxophosphomolybdate\/H2O2 system for the oxidative removal of organosulfur compounds from simulated and real high-sulfur diesels","volume":"589","author":"Juliao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A-Gen."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.11.095","article-title":"Deep oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels using homogeneous and SBA-15-supported peroxophosphotungstate catalysts","volume":"241","author":"Juliao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9518","DOI":"10.1039\/C3DT53444H","article-title":"Novel polyoxometalate silica nano-sized spheres: Efficient catalysts for olefin oxidation and the deep desulfurization process","volume":"43","author":"Nogueira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.10.030","article-title":"Desulfurization of model diesel by extraction\/oxidation using a zinc-substituted polyoxometalate as catalyst under homogeneous and heterogeneous (MIL-101(Cr) encapsulated) conditions","volume":"131","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2018.07.036","article-title":"Mesoporous nanosilica-supported polyoxomolybdate as catalysts for sustainable desulfurization","volume":"275","author":"Mirante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Mirante, F., de Castro, B., Zhao, J., Cunha-Silva, L., and Balula, S.S. (2020). An Effective Hybrid Heterogeneous Catalyst to Desulfurize Diesel: Peroxotungstate@Metal-Organic Framework. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235494"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2013.07.011","article-title":"Catalytic oxidative desulfurization systems based on Keggin phosphotungstate and metal-organic framework MIL-101","volume":"116","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200902483","article-title":"Polyoxometalates: Building Blocks for Functional Nanoscale Systems","volume":"49","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500390v","article-title":"Recent Advances in Polyoxometalate-Catalyzed Reactions","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2011.04.030","article-title":"Polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids as catalysts for deep desulfurization of fuels","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2009.03.011","article-title":"Polyoxometalate as effective catalyst for the deep desulfurization of diesel oil","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2019.06.019","article-title":"Polyoxomolybdate based ionic-liquids as active catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of simulated diesel","volume":"170","author":"Mirante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, S.O., Duarte, B., De Castro, B., Granadeiro, C.M., and Balula, S.S. (2018). Improving the Catalytic Performance of Keggin [PW12O40]3\u2212 for Oxidative Desulfurization: Ionic Liquids versus SBA-15 Composite. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11071196"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8099","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c00864","article-title":"Extractive Catalytic Oxidative Denitrogenation of Fuels and Their Promoting Effect for Desulfurization Catalyzed by Vanadium Substituted Heteropolyacids and Molecular Oxygen","volume":"34","author":"Bertleff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00144a006","article-title":"Vibrational investigations of polyoxometalates. 2. Evidence for anion-anion interactions in molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) compounds related to the Keggin structure","volume":"22","author":"Fournier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1996.0358","article-title":"Catalysis by 12-Molybdophosphates: 1. Catalytic Reactivity of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid Related to Its Thermal Behavior Investigated through IR, Raman, Polarographic, and X-ray Diffraction Studies: A Comparison with 12-Molybdosilicic Acid","volume":"164","author":"Aouissi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2004.05.017","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of soluble alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and related Keggin-type [PMo12O40]3\u2212salts for heterogeneous catalysis reactions","volume":"219","author":"Silviani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1139\/v61-271","article-title":"Vibrational Spectra of Pyridinium Salts","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"1961","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC00081E","article-title":"An ionic liquid extraction process for the separation of indole from wash oil","volume":"17","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2016.1248771","article-title":"Removal of nitrogen compounds from fuel oils using imidazolium-based ionic liquids","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sustainable Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4079\/2\/2\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:19:16Z","timestamp":1760163556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4079\/2\/2\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["suschem2020022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/suschem2020022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]}}}