{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T22:25:52Z","timestamp":1775168752304,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/BBB-BMC\/5655\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BBB-BMC\/5655\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LAETA project UID\/EMS\/50022\/2019 (through IDMEC)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LAETA project UID\/EMS\/50022\/2019 (through IDMEC)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, bone tissue engineering (TE) has seen new developments, with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) being used to develop new porosity-controlled scaffolds to interface new tissue growth. The process of choosing the best geometry to a specific application still lacks research, so the goal for this work is to propose a new method of scaffold selection, based on assessing the tortuosity inside these symmetric TPMS-based structures. Additionally, computer fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were conducted to validate this method. The comparison between tortuosity and CFD outputs suggests that an analysis of the tortuosity could be used as an early indicator of the scaffold\u2019s viability for specific applications, favouring scaffolds with more intricate and curvature-dependent streamlines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12040596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["On the Tortuosity of TPMS Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2155-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 P. G.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00052","article-title":"Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Sheet Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: An Optimization Approach toward Biomimetic Scaffold Design","volume":"1","author":"Vijayavenkataraman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107643","article-title":"Pore functionally graded Ti6Al4V scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. 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