{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:22:09Z","timestamp":1760239329723,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID04045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim was to compare the inter-limb symmetry between alternated and simultaneous arms flexion during water fitness sessions. Twenty-three elderly women were recruited to perform flexion by the elbow with different mechanical strategies: (a) simultaneous and (b) alternated. An incremental protocol was used, with four music cadences, starting at 105 beats per minute up to 150. The peak force of dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs was retrieved. A symmetry index (SI, %) was also used to quantify coordination. There were significant variations in force produced by the dominant and non-dominant limbs in most of the cadences in the alternated or simultaneous actions. Differences with a medium effect between upper-limbs were shown when moving simultaneously indicating that an alternated movement can be a more proper strategy to work with. Despite that, both strategies seemed to be characterized by an asymmetric pattern (SI from 20 to 30%), requiring full attention from water fitness practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1604012772000},"page":"1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inter-Limb Symmetry at Simultaneous and Alternated Arms Flexion by the Elbow during Water Fitness Sessions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal F.","family":"Bartolomeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno D.","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio J.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092558.55","article-title":"Effects of a 12-wks aquatic training program in body posture and balance","volume":"47","author":"Matias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcalde, G.E., Fonseca, A.C., B\u00f4scoa, T.F., Gon\u00e7alves, M.R., Bernardo, G.C., Pianna, B., Carnavale, B.F., Gimenes, C., Barrile, S.R., and Arca, E.A. (2017). Effect of aquatic physical therapy on pain perception, functional capacity and quality of life in older people with knee osteoarthritis: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2061-x"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.541544","article-title":"Group aquatic training improves gait efficiency in adolescents with cerebral palsy","volume":"33","author":"Ballaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sanders, M.E. (2000). YMCA Water Fitness for Health, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0099","article-title":"Cardiovascular and perceived effort in different head-out water exercises: Effect of limbs\u2019 action and resistance equipment","volume":"69","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, C.C., Rama, L.M., Marinho, D.A., Barbosa, T.M., and Costa, M.J. (2019). Kinetic analysis of water fitness exercises: Contributions for strength development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193784"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv130","article-title":"Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility in older adults: Neural mechanisms of mobility impairment","volume":"70","author":"Sorond","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.04.004","article-title":"Are there age-related differences in learning to optimize speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure?","volume":"26","author":"Welsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bonder, B.R., and Bello-Haas, V.D. (2018). Functional Performance in Older Adults, F.A. Davis. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersion","volume":"21","author":"Barbosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kinder, T., and See, J. (1992). Aqua Aerobics: A Scientific Approach, Eddie Bowers Pub. Co.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"11","article-title":"Validation of a criterion measure for swimming technique","volume":"4","author":"Havriluk","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Swim. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"172","article-title":"Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stager, J.M., and Tanner, D.A. (2005). Resistance and propulsion. Swimming, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470698761"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.03.014","article-title":"The control of amplitude and direction in a bimanual coordination task","volume":"65","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2015-0069","article-title":"Simultaneous turn and step task for investigating control strategies in healthy young and community dwelling older adults","volume":"21","author":"Huntley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2017.1313220","article-title":"Age-associated differences in motor output variability and coordination during the simultaneous dorsiflexion of both feet","volume":"34","author":"Marchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000086367","article-title":"Homolateral hand and foot coordination in trained older women","volume":"51","author":"Capranica","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.12.012","article-title":"Quantification of upper limb kinetic asymmetries in front crawl swimming","volume":"40","author":"Marinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1423608","article-title":"Contribution of limbs\u2019 actions to the four competitive swimming strokes: A nonlinear approach","volume":"36","author":"Bartolomeu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, B., and Wolf, S. (2018). Gait symmetry measures and their relevance to gait retraining. Handbook of Human Motion, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Moresi, M., Bradshaw, E.J., Thomas, K., Greene, D., and Braybon, W. (2013, January 7\u201311). Intra-limb variability and inter-limb symmetry in gymnastics jump tests. Proceedings of the 31 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0129","article-title":"The properties of water and their applications for training","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289409166013","article-title":"Age-related changes in balance performance","volume":"16","author":"Balogun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:28:47Z","timestamp":1760178527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12111776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12111776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}