{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:43:22Z","timestamp":1770522202645,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Literature reviews are a cornerstone of doctoral research in general, and of economic and business research, in particular. However, the exponential growth of scientific publications has made comprehensive and transparent reviews increasingly difficult. Conventional approaches, largely based on manual searches across a small number of databases, tend to be slow, error-prone, and incomplete. As a result, they constrain the scope of inquiry and, consequently, the robustness of theory development and empirical validation. This paper proposes and analyses an information system architecture driven by research questions and keyword taxonomies to automate core tasks of the literature search phase across multiple academic databases. Focusing on the domain of corporate and municipal financial distress, the authors employ a two-stage research design. First, the theoretical analysis integrates the literature on systematic reviews, automation, and financial distress prediction to derive a set of functional and non-functional requirements. Second, the experimental analysis documents a prototype front-end application designed to accelerate the literature review. The prototype is conceptualised as a socio-technical artefact that enhances IT competences and scientific resilience by enabling more efficient, reproducible, and extensible reviews. The authors conclude by discussing the scientific, technical, professional, and societal implications of the prototype, including opportunities for intellectual-property protection and avenues for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:24:19Z","timestamp":1770305059000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accelerating Literature Reviews with Multi-Database Information Systems for Financial Distress Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Caetano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Universidad de Granada, Campus La Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"CICF\u2014Center for Research in Accounting and Taxation, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do C\u00e1vado e Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"CICF\u2014Center for Research in Accounting and Taxation, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do C\u00e1vado e Ave, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"CISeD Research Center in Digital Services, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTUR Centre for Research, Development and Innovation in Tourism, Polo Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda, 6270-372 Seia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9546-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Brioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Overslep, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6594-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Victoria","family":"Lopez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Universidad de Granada, Campus La Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, F., Lee, S.H.N., and Lo, C.K.Y. (2020). The Role of Information Systems in the Sustainable Development of Enterprises: A Systematic Literature Network Analysis. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083337"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoli, C., and Schabram, K. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of Information Systems Research. Sprouts Work. Pap. Inf. Syst., 10.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1954824"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/rfe.1095","article-title":"Twenty-five years of Review of Financial Economics: A bibliometric overview","volume":"38","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_2","article-title":"Design Research: Theoretical and Methodological Issues","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Patten, M.L. (2014). Proposing Empirical Research: A Guide to the Fundamentals, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23329","article-title":"Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references","volume":"66","author":"Bornmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00903-w","article-title":"Growth rates of modern science: A latent piecewise growth curve approach to model publication numbers from established and new literature databases","volume":"8","author":"Bornmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3311\/PPso.13204","article-title":"Financial distress, prediction and strategies by firms: A systematic review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Mallinguh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Soc. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2020.1798591","article-title":"Analysing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review\u2014A roadmap for release 2.0","volume":"29","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205","article-title":"Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Challenges and Recommendations of literature reviews in information systems","volume":"37","author":"Simons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2014.26","article-title":"On being \u201cSystematic\u201d in literature reviews in IS","volume":"30","author":"Boell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12541","article-title":"Making literature reviews more reliable through application of lessons from systematic reviews","volume":"29","author":"Haddaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"45","article-title":"Concept-Centric or Method-Centric Research? On Paradigm War in the Interdisciplinary Study of\/Research on Religion","volume":"3","author":"Tsironis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol. Relig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"51","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B., and Charters, S. (2025, November 15). Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. Technical Report EBSE 2007-001. Durham Keele University. Available online: https:\/\/ebse.webspace.durham.ac.uk\/ebse-bibliography\/guidelines-for-performing-systematic-literature-reviews-in-software-engineering\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2014.08.008","article-title":"Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews","volume":"52","author":"Trudel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1378","article-title":"Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources","volume":"11","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.28945\/479","article-title":"A systems approach to conducting an effective literature review in support of information systems research","volume":"9","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Informing Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1765-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A comparative analysis","volume":"106","author":"Mongeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1798-9","article-title":"Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A longitudinal and cross-disciplinary comparison","volume":"106","author":"Harzing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114562629","article-title":"Bibliometric methods in management and organisation","volume":"18","author":"Zupic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00287-7","article-title":"An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews","volume":"3","author":"Schram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-008-9804-2","article-title":"Designing and implementing corporate social responsibility: An integrative framework grounded in theory and practice","volume":"87","author":"Maon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106589","article-title":"Automation of systematic literature reviews: A systematic literature review","volume":"136","author":"Tekinerdogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"63","article-title":"Behavioral Finance-Theory and Practical Application: Systematic analysis of departures from the Homo OEeconomicus paradigm are essential for realistic financial research and analysis","volume":"36","author":"Fromlet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-74","article-title":"Systematic review automation technologies","volume":"3","author":"Tsafnat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10902-3","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for literature reviews: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"57","author":"Salatino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"van Rijsbergen, C. (1979). Information Retrieval, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.dcs.gla.ac.uk\/Keith\/Preface.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, B., Susnjak, T., and Mathrani, A. (2024). Automating systematic literature reviews with retrieval-augmented generation. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14199103"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C., Brereton, P., and Kitchenham, B. (2014, January 13\u201314). Tools to support systematic literature reviews in software engineering: A feature analysis. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601270"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625","article-title":"Design science in information systems research","volume":"28","author":"Hevner","year":"2004","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.08.011","article-title":"Living systematic reviews: 2. Combining human and machine effortt","volume":"91","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/2.675631","article-title":"Should computer scientists experiment more?","volume":"31","author":"Tichy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(94)00041-2","article-title":"Design and natural science research on information technology","volume":"15","author":"March","year":"1995","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240302","article-title":"A design science research methodology for information systems research","volume":"24","author":"Peffers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"xiii","article-title":"Analysing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review","volume":"26","author":"Webster","year":"2002","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.01.014","article-title":"Predicting bankruptcy of local government: A machine learning approach","volume":"183","author":"Lagravinese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2009.37012181","article-title":"When knowledge wins: Transcending the sense and nonsense of academic rankings","volume":"8","author":"Adler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.2.01","article-title":"Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact","volume":"37","author":"Gregor","year":"2013","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"250","article-title":"A synthesis of literature review guidelines from information systems journals","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Oosterwyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Internet, Cyber Security and Information Systems (ICICIS) 2019, Johannesburg, South Africa, 31 October\u20131 November 2019"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"112","article-title":"A Framework for Guiding and Evaluating Literature Reviews","volume":"37","author":"Templier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.250581","article-title":"Duplicate record detection: A survey","volume":"19","author":"Elmagarmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009","article-title":"Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain","volume":"80","author":"Brereton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.00094","article-title":"Understanding business failure: Learning and un-learning from industrial crises","volume":"7","author":"Stead","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Contingencies Crisis Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radebe, N.E., Nomlala, B.C., and Matenda, F.R. (2025). Systematic Review of Financial Distress Prediction Models for Municipalities: Key Evaluation Criteria and a Framework for Model Selection. J. Risk Financ. Manag., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm18110624"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-023-01181-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence to automate the systematic review of scientific literature","volume":"105","author":"Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwaf169","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf169","article-title":"Automated literature research and review-generation method based on large language models","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y","article-title":"Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study","volume":"6","author":"Bramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x","article-title":"Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy","volume":"23","author":"Altman","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Financ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jifm.12053","article-title":"Financial distress prediction in an international context: A review and empirical analysis","volume":"28","author":"Altman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Financ. Manag. Account."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103703","article-title":"Predicting financial distress using multimodal data: An attentive and regularized deep learning method","volume":"61","author":"Che","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Perner, P. (2018). Data Mining for Municipal Financial Distress Prediction. 18th Industrial Conference Proceedings, ICDM 2018, New York, NY, USA, July 11\u201312, 2018, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNAI 10933;."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Piermarini, D., Sudoso, A.M., and Piccialli, V. (2023). Predicting municipalities in financial distress: A machine learning approach enhanced by domain expertise, Machine Learning. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linkov, I., and Trump, B.D. (2019). The Science and Practice of Resilience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04565-4"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"243","article-title":"Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management","volume":"21","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40685-019-0085-7","article-title":"Organizational resilience: A capability-based conceptualization","volume":"13","author":"Duchek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2023.2216601","article-title":"Expectations, Competencies and Domain Knowledge in Dataand Machine-driven Finance","volume":"52","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1456650.1456651","article-title":"Data fusion","volume":"41","author":"Beiholder","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515221084645","article-title":"Linked data for libraries: Creating a global knowledge space, a systematic literature-review","volume":"50","author":"Gaitanou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2022.10.004","article-title":"Collaborative practices of knowledge work in IT projects","volume":"40","author":"Hetemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Corbin, J., and Strauss, C. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research, Sage. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"358376","article-title":"Design science research contributions: Finding a balance between artifact and theory","volume":"19","author":"Baskerville","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2307\/25148742","article-title":"The nature of theory in information systems","volume":"30","author":"Gregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"89","article-title":"Systems development in information systems research","volume":"71","author":"Nunamaker","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9102-8","article-title":"Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering","volume":"14","author":"Runeson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1137\/S0895480102412856","article-title":"Comparing top k lists","volume":"17","author":"Fagin","year":"2003","journal-title":"SIAM J. Discret. Math."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1743(200011)17:1+<::AID-SRES374>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty Year Retrospective","volume":"17","author":"Checkland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101935","article-title":"An automated method for developing search strategies for systematic review using Natural Language Processing (NLP)","volume":"10","author":"Kwabena","year":"2023","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., and Sch\u00fctze, H. (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval, Cambridge University Press. Available online: https:\/\/nlp.stanford.edu\/IR-book\/pdf\/irbookonlinereading.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Baeza-Yates, R., and Ribeiro-Neto, B. (1999). Modern Information Retrieval, Addison-Wesley. [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/web.cs.ucla.edu\/~miodrag\/cs259-security\/baeza-yates99modern.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0","article-title":"Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval","volume":"24","author":"Salton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000019","article-title":"The probabilistic relevance framework: BM25 and beyond","volume":"3","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Retr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111031","article-title":"A software engineering perspective on engineering machine learning systems: State of the art and challenges","volume":"180","author":"Giray","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410410560582","article-title":"Understanding inverse document frequency: On theoretical arguments for IDF","volume":"60","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Fielding, R.T. (2000). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-Based Software Architectures. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1327452.1327492","article-title":"MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters","volume":"51","author":"Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1145\/582415.582418","article-title":"Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques","volume":"20","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Kotonya, G., and Sommerville, I. (1998). Requirements Engineering, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"312","article-title":"Data cleaning: Problems and current approaches","volume":"9","author":"Rahm","year":"2000","journal-title":"VLDB J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.07.039","article-title":"Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines","volume":"104","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138124","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2022.2138124","article-title":"Systematic review of financial distress identification using artificial intelligence","volume":"36","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samara, K., and Shinde, A. (2025). Predicting bankruptcy using machine learning and data preprocessing techniques. Analytics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/analytics4030022"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20681","article-title":"Relevance: A review of literature and a framework for thinking on the notion in information science","volume":"58","author":"Saracevic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327","article-title":"Features of similarity","volume":"84","author":"Tversky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000010","article-title":"Federated search","volume":"5","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Retr."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Voorhees, E.M., and Harman, D. (2005). TREC: Experiment and Evaluation in Information Retrieval, MIT Press. Available online: https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/J06-4008.pdf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A., Adeli, H., Reis, L.P., and Costanzo, S. (2019). Data mining for municipal financial distress prediction. New Knowledge in Information Systems and Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16187-3"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10708-3","article-title":"Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and artificial intelligence in finance: State-of-the-art and research takeaways","volume":"57","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1087\/20120404","article-title":"ORCID: A system to uniquely identify researchers","volume":"25","author":"Haak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learn. Publ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, X., Yim, D., and Khuntia, J. (2021). Online sustainability reporting and firm performance: Lessons learned from text mining. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031069"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2307\/25148689","article-title":"The information systems identity crisis: Focusing on high-visibility and high-impact research","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238332025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123833","article-title":"How to search for literature in systematic reviews and meta-analyses: A comprehensive step-by-step guide","volume":"212","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1969.10501049","article-title":"A theory for record linkage","volume":"64","author":"Fellegi","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2025.100266","article-title":"Computing education using generative artificial intelligence tools: A systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"Agbo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Open"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1770441856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14020181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14020181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}