{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:35:33Z","timestamp":1770730533967,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)"},{"name":"Portuguese fund CHAIR in Onco-Innovation from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Targets"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a significant global health challenge despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Traditional cancer therapies often face limitations such as toxicity and drug resistance. Drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges by identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs. This review explores the potential of repurposing positive inotropic agents, which are traditionally used in cardiovascular medicine, for cancer therapy. Positive inotropic agents, including cardiac glycosides, \u03b2-agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and calcium sensitizers have shown preclinical evidence of anti-tumor activity through various mechanisms, such as modulation of the intracellular signaling pathways, increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, the production of nitric oxide, and decreasing reactive oxygen species levels. Despite the absence of specific clinical trials in this area, these findings suggest a promising avenue for further research and development of combination therapies to improve cancer treatment outcomes. However, challenges such as elucidating specific anti-tumor mechanisms, identifying predictive biomarkers, and optimizing safety profiles need to be addressed to fully realize the therapeutic potential of positive inotropic agents in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/targets2020009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1718361754000},"page":"137-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Positive Inotropic Agents in Cancer Therapy: Exploring Potential Anti-Tumor Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5370-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411","article-title":"Updating the Definition of Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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