{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:48:18Z","timestamp":1774381698582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technologies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of load frequency control (LFC) for isolated multiple sources of electric power-generating units with a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is presented. A thermal, hydro, and gas power-generating unit are integrated into the studied system. The PID controller is proposed as a subordinate controller to stabilize system performance when there is a sudden demand on the power system. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to obtain optimal gain values of the proposed PID controller. Various cost functions, mainly integral time absolute error (ITAE), integral absolute error (IAE), integral squared error (ISE), and integral time squared error (ITSE) were used to optimize controller gain parameters. Furthermore, the enhancement of the PSO technique is proven by the performance comparison of conventional, differential evolution (DE) algorithm- and genetic algorithm (GA)-based PID controllers for the same system. The results show the PSO-PID controller delivers a faster settled response and the percentage improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional method is 79%, over GA is 55%, and over DE is 24% in an emergency in a power system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies11010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T03:31:11Z","timestamp":1675049471000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Load Frequency Control Assessment of a PSO-PID Controller for a Standalone Multi-Source Power System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boopathi","family":"Dhanasekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal 637 018, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2957-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagatheesan","family":"Kaliannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal 637 018, India"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641 032, India"}]},{"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Techno International New Town, Kolkata 700 156, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel R. S.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nagrath, J., and Kothari, D.P. (1994). Power System Engineering, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Elgerd, O.I. (1970). Energy System Theory: An Introduction, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"464","article-title":"Particle swarm optimisation-based parameters optimisation of PID controller for load frequency control of multi-area reheat thermal power systems","volume":"9","author":"Jagatheesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Intell. 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