{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:09:10Z","timestamp":1777597750176,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-EXPLOR-872897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-EXPLOR-872897"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC through national funds","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-EXPLOR-872897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-EXPLOR-872897"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC through national funds","award":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technologies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An approach is presented to enhance the isolation of a two-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna using a decoupling structure and a common defected ground structure (DGS) that physically separates the antennas from each other. The antenna operates in the 24 to 40 GHz frequency range. The innovation in the presented MIMO antenna design involves the novel integration of two arc-shaped symmetrical elements with dimensions of 35 \u00d7 35 \u00d7 1.6 mm3 placed perpendicular to each other. The benefits of employing an antenna with elements arranged perpendicularly are exemplified by the enhancement of its overall performance metrics. These elements incorporate a microstrip feed featuring a quarter-wave transformer (QWT). This concept synergizes with decoupling techniques and a defected ground structure to significantly enhance isolation in a millimeter wave (mm wave) MIMO antenna. These methods collectively achieve an impressively wide bandwidth. Efficient decoupling methodologies have been implemented, yielding a notable increase of 5 dB in isolation performance. The antenna exhibits 10 dB impedance matching, with a 15 GHz (46.87%) wide bandwidth, excellent isolation of more than 28 dB, and a desirable gain of 4.6 dB. Antennas have been analyzed to improve their performance in mm wave applications by evaluating diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG), with achieved values of 0.0016 and 9.992 dB, respectively. The simulation is conducted using CST software. To validate the findings, experimental investigations have been conducted, affirming the accuracy of the simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies11050142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T08:32:57Z","timestamp":1697445177000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Enhancing Performance of Millimeter Wave MIMO Antenna with a Decoupling and Common Defected Ground Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Poonam","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, RJ, India"}]},{"given":"Vishant","family":"Gahlaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, RJ, India"}]},{"given":"Meenu","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, RJ, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Shastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, RJ, India"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University) Haridwar 249404, UK, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa","family":"Elfergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chemseddine","family":"Zebiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Electronique de Puissance et Commande Industrielle (LEPCI), Department of Electronics, University of Ferhat Abbas, S\u00e9tif -1-, S\u00e9tif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3619","article-title":"A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Akpakwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Towards 5th generation cellular mobile networks","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Telecommun. Digit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara, L., and Cheein, F.A. (2020). The role of 5G technologies: Challenges in smart cities and intelligent transportation systems. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166469"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom1010005","article-title":"Challenges associated with implementing 5G in manufacturing","volume":"1","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecom"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zikria, Y.B., Kim, S.W., Afzal, M.K., Wang, H., and Rehmani, M.H. (2018). 5G mobile services and scenarios: Challenges and solutions. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103626"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2467-2","article-title":"5G: The Convergence of Wireless Communications","volume":"83","author":"Kliks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906721","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5906721","article-title":"Advancing 5G Connectivity: A Comprehensive Review of MIMO Antennas for 5G Applications","volume":"2023","author":"Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838364","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/838364","article-title":"Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices","volume":"2013","author":"Anguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, P., Kaushik, M., Shastri, A., and Gahlaut, V. (2023, January 7\u201310). Design of a MIMO Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Communications. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS), Ahmedabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAMS57261.2023.10242805"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunthari, P.M., and Veeramani, R. (2017, January 3\u20134). Multiband microstrip patch antenna for 5G wireless applications using MIMO techniques. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Advances in Aerospace Engineering (ICRAAE), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAAE.2017.8297241"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, P., Gahlaut, V., Kaushik, M., Shastri, A., Siddiqui, G., and Singh, B. (2023). International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9533725"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.L., Luo, M.H., and Liu, H. (2017, January 22\u201325). Design of a slot antenna for future 5G wireless communication systems. Proceedings of the 2017 Progress Electromagnetics Research Symposium\u2014Spring (PIERS), St Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS.2017.8261839"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saedi, H., Attari, J.A., Wahab, W.M.A., Mittra, R., and Safavi-Naeini, S. (2018, January 19\u201322). Single-feed dual-band aperture-coupled antenna for 5G applications. Proceedings of the 2018 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), Waterloo, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTEM.2018.8572907"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i1.1.10158","article-title":"Linear array Yagi-Uda 5G antenna for vehicular application","volume":"7","author":"Kammakattu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.-Y., and Cheng, J.-C. (2020, January 26\u201328). Millimeter-Wave Leaky-Wave Antenna for 5G Mobile Phone. Proceedings of the 2020 International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), Penghu, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/iWEM49354.2020.9237418"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, R.M., and M\u00e1rquez, R.T.R. (2020, January 2\u20136). Tri-Band Log-Periodic Microstrip Antenna Design (2.4, 5.5 and 3.6 GHz Bands) for Wireless Mobile Devices Application. Proceedings of the International Congress of Telematics and Computing WITCOM, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","article-title":"What will 5G be?","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2927460","article-title":"A miniaturized microstrip antenna array at 5G millimeter-wave band","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0467","article-title":"Millimeter-wave T-shaped MIMO antenna with defected ground structures for 5G cellular networks","volume":"12","author":"Jilani","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2051402","article-title":"A Novel Hybrid-Fed Patch Antenna with Pattern Diversity","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008784","article-title":"An overview of ultra-wideband systems with MIMO","volume":"97","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2017.2740538","article-title":"Solving the 5G mobile antenna puzzle: Assessing future directions for the 5G mobile antenna paradigm shift","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munir, M.E., Kiani, S.H., Savci, H.S., Marey, M., Khan, J., Mostafa, H., and Parchin, N.O. (2023). A Four Element mm-Wave MIMO Antenna System with Wide-Band and High Isolation Characteristics for 5G Applications. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14040776"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, P., Kaushik, M., Shastri, A., Rai, J., and Gahlaut, V. (2023, January 24\u201326). Simulated Design and Analysis of Highly Isolated 5G Millimeter-Waves MIMO Antenna with Wideband Characteristic. Proceedings of the International Conference on Microwave, Antenna and Communication (MAC) 2023, Allahabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAC58191.2023.10176342"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokunbi, O., and Kishk, A. (2023, January 26\u201331). Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna With Decoupling Structures for Isolation Enhancement. Proceedings of the 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP57121.2023.10133750"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12272","DOI":"10.1002\/eng2.12272","article-title":"Multiple-input-multiple-output antenna with pattern reconfiguration and correlation reduction for WLAN applications","volume":"2","author":"Gaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3247170","article-title":"A Dual-Band Planar Antenna Array with High-Frequency Ratio for Both Sub-6 Band and mm-Waveband","volume":"71","author":"Sang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, P., Kaushik, M., Shastri, A., and Gahlaut, V. (2023, January 24\u201326). Two Element Microstrip-Fed Slot Loaded Millimeter Wave MIMO Antenna. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT), Goa, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONAT57137.2023.10080826"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2023.154553","article-title":"28\/38 GHz dual-band MIMO antenna with wideband and high gain properties for 5G applications","volume":"162","author":"Cuneray","year":"2023","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2023.3242002","article-title":"A parasitic decoupling structure for dual-polarized patch antenna arrays","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arya, V., Garg, T., and Al-Khafaji, H.M.R. (2023). High Gain and Wide-Angle Continuous Beam Scanning SIW Leaky-Wave Antenna. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12020370"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arya, V., Garg, T., and Al-Khafaji, H.M.R. (2023). SIW Leaky Wave Antenna for THz Applications. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12081839"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh Mer, K.K., Semwal, V.B., Bijalwan, V., and Crespo, R.G. (2021). Proceedings of Integrated Intelligence Enable Networks and Computing, Springer. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6307-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02267-y","article-title":"5G millimeter-wave wideband MIMO antenna arrays with high isolation","volume":"2023","author":"Megahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Wide-Band Decoupled Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array for Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quad element millimetre-wave MIMO antenna for 5G communication","volume":"7","author":"Mistri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-022-05881-7","article-title":"UWB dual-port self-decoupled o-shaped monopole MIMO antenna with small-size easily extendable design and high diversity performance for millimeter-wave 5G applications","volume":"128","author":"Khabba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181003","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028377","article-title":"Hexagonal shaped near zero index (NZI) metamaterial-based MIMO antenna for millimeter-wave application","volume":"8","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9061031","article-title":"A Novel High Gain Wideband MIMO Antenna for 5G MillimeterWave Applications","volume":"9","author":"Sehrai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010071","article-title":"A 4-port MIMO antenna with defected ground structure for 5G millimeter wave applications","volume":"9","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, R., Roy, A., and Kumar, G. Computer Aided Constellation Management and Communication Satellites: Proceedings of the International Conference on Small Satellites, ICSS 2022 2023 Mar 1, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-8555-3_22"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERB23030601","article-title":"Defected Ground Structure Based High Gain, Wideband and High Diversity Performance Quad-Element MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Millimeter-Wave Communication","volume":"101","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, P., Tiwari, P., Singh, T., and Gahlaut, V. (2021, January 7\u20139). A Compact Ground Fed UWB Antenna with Single Band Notch Characteristics. Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), Trichy, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSEC51865.2021.9591703"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-04951-1","article-title":"Planar dual-band 27\/39 GHz millimeter-wave MIMO antenna for 5G applications","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."}],"container-title":["Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7080\/11\/5\/142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:07:47Z","timestamp":1760130467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7080\/11\/5\/142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["technologies11050142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/technologies11050142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-7080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-7080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]}}}