{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:16:01Z","timestamp":1777083361788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":438,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["760071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760071"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CF 121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF 121"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Government under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania","award":["760071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760071"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Government under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania","award":["CF 121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF 121"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization","award":["760071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760071"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization","award":["CF 121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF 121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technologies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis represent significant neurological conditions affecting millions globally. Stroke remains the third leading cause of death worldwide and significantly impacts patients\u2019 hand functionality, making hand rehabilitation crucial for improving quality of life. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted analyzing over 300 papers, and categorizing them based on mechanical design, mobility, and actuation systems. To evaluate each device, a database with 45 distinct criteria was developed to systematically assess their characteristics. Results: The analysis revealed three main categories of devices: rigid exoskeletons, soft exoskeletons, and hybrid devices. Electric actuation represents the most common source of power. The dorsal placement of the mechanism is predominant, followed by glove-based, lateral, and palmar configurations. A correlation between mass and functionality was observed during the analysis; an increase in the number of actuated fingers or in functionality automatically increases the mass of the device. The research shows significant technological evolution with considerable variation in design complexity, with 29.4% of devices using five or more actuators while 24.8% employ one or two actuators. Conclusions: While substantial progress has been made in recent years, several challenges persist, including missing information or incomplete data from source papers and a limited number of clinical studies to evaluate device effectiveness. Significant opportunities remain to improve device functionality, usability, and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as to implement advanced power systems for portable devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Robotic Systems for Hand Rehabilitation\u2014Past, Present and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4427-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Gherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0483-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionut","family":"Zima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Tucan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5531-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Pisla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iosif","family":"Birlescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"MEtRICs Research Center, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doina","family":"Pisla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESTER, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, B-dul Dacia, 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, November 09). 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