{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:13:17Z","timestamp":1774120397357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technologies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research evaluates Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Compressed Air Vessels (CAV) as complementary solutions for enhancing micro-grid resilience, flexibility, and sustainability. BESS units ranging from 5 to 400 kWh were modeled using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network with Exogenous Inputs (NARX) neural network, achieving high SOC prediction accuracy with R2 &gt; 0.98 and MSE as low as 0.13 kWh2. Larger batteries (400\u2013800 kWh) effectively reduced grid purchases and redistributed surplus energy, improving system efficiency. CAVs were tested in pumped-storage mode, achieving 33.9\u201357.1% efficiency under 0.5\u20132 bar and high head conditions, offering long-duration, low-degradation storage. Waterhammer-induced CAV storage demonstrated reliable pressure capture when Reynolds number \u2264 75,000 and Volume Fraction Ratio, VFR &gt; 11%, with a prototype reaching 6142 kW and 170 kWh at 50% air volume. CAVs proved modular, scalable, and environmentally robust, suitable for both energy and water management. Hybrid systems combining BESS and CAVs offer strategic advantages in balancing renewable intermittency. Machine learning and hydraulic modeling support intelligent control and adaptive dispatch. Together, these technologies enable future-ready micro-grids aligned with sustainability and grid stability goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13110527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:46:22Z","timestamp":1763138782000},"page":"527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Energy Storage Systems in Micro-Grid of Hybrid Renewable Energy Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar E.","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Besharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oreste","family":"Fecarotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvizi, P., Jalilian, M., Amidi, A.M., Zangeneh, M.R., and Riba, J.-R. 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