{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:25:07Z","timestamp":1774621507405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"be@t\u2014Textile Bioeconomy","award":["TC-C12-i01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TC-C12-i01"]}]},{"name":"Sustainable Bioeconomy","award":["02\/C12-i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12-i01.01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technologies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Textile-to-textile recycling is strongly constrained by upstream pre-processing, where post-consumer clothing must be identified, separated, and prepared under high variability in materials, appearance, and contamination. This paper presents a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-guided systematic literature review of intelligent and automated technologies for textile recycling pre-processing covering the interval between 2015 to 2025. After screening and quality assessment, 21 primary studies published between 2020 and 2025 were included. The literature is synthesized across three task families: (i) identificationof fiber\/material, composition, or color; (ii) sorting, considered only when explicit separation strategies are defined to operationalize identification outcomes into routing actions or output streams; and (iii) contaminant detection and\/or removal, targeting non-recyclable items. Results show that identification dominates the field (19\/21 studies), supported by Red\u2013Green\u2013Blue (RGB) and red\u2013green\u2013blue plus depth (RGB-D) imaging and material-signature sensing, including near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), and Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, sorting as a defined separation stage is less frequent (4\/21), and contaminant-related automation remains sparse (3\/21). Most studies are validated in laboratory conditions, with limited semi-industrial evidence, highlighting a persistent perception-to-action gap. Overall, the review indicates that robust separation strategies, representative datasets, and end-to-end system integration remain key bottlenecks for scalable automated textile recycling pre-processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies14040200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intelligent and Automated Technologies for Textile Recycling Pre-Processing: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, UTAD-University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo J. Solteiro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, UTAD-University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, UTAD-University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8680-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds F.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2022.100420","article-title":"Sustainable applications of textile waste fiber in the construction and geotechnical industries: A retrospect","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. 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