{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:31:15Z","timestamp":1774405875285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"integrated project be@t\u2014Textile Bioeconomy","award":["TC-C12-i01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TC-C12-i01"]}]},{"name":"integrated project be@t\u2014Textile Bioeconomy","award":["02\/C12-i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12-i01.01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Textiles"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans are in constant contact with clothing and textiles throughout their lives, which can expose them to chemicals present in these materials. Chemicals used in fiber production and in material processing can be absorbed through the skin, ingested, or inhaled, causing allergic reactions. Advancements in modern textiles have made them more versatile and functional for a variety of applications, resulting in the use of more chemicals. Regarding the textile industry, several studies have focused on the environmental impact of its effluents and dyes, and, more recently, several studies have focused on textile waste impact in general. Nevertheless, few studies have been carried out on human cytotoxicity, and very little is known about the dangers of long-term use of textiles. The aim of this work was to review the literature to understand what has been done in the field of textile cytotoxicity. In addition, this work also highlights the existing gap regarding regulation and standardized tests for the analysis of everyday clothing. There is an urgent need to establish regulations and standardize testing protocols to assess the potential cytotoxic effects that may arise from finished textile products before they are marketed, in order to guarantee consumer safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles5020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T04:20:26Z","timestamp":1746591626000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["From Fabric to Finish: The Cytotoxic Impact of Textile Chemicals on Humans Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Technological Centre for Textile and Clothing of Portugal, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Technological Centre for Textile and Clothing of Portugal, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Vieira de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Technological Centre for Textile and Clothing of Portugal, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Technological Centre for Textile and Clothing of Portugal, Rua Fernando Mesquita, 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2006). Regulation (EC) No 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off. J. Eur. Union, Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2006\/1907\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, October 25). OECD Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/mneguidelines.oecd.org\/mneguidelines."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025). OEKO-TEX\u00ae STANDARD 100, OEKO-TEX Service GmbH. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, October 25). OEKO-TEX\u00ae Standards Enable Everyone to Make Responsible Decisions and Protect Natural Resources. Available online: https:\/\/www.oeko-tex.com\/en\/our-standards."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Klemola, K. (2008). Textile Toxicity Cytotoxicity and Spermatozoa Motility Inhibition Resulting from Reactive Dyes and Dyed Fabrics. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kuopio]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.01.008","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in smart textile industry: A critical review","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00553-0","article-title":"Enhancing Antibacterial and Water-Repellent Properties for the Production of High-Performance Fabrics in Home Textiles","volume":"25","author":"Omerogullari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fibers. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112006","article-title":"Thermoregulating textiles and fibrous materials for passive radiative cooling functionality","volume":"231","author":"Pakdel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles3020015","article-title":"Highly Specialized Textiles with Antimicrobial Functionality\u2014Advances and Challenges","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Textiles"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0212-7","article-title":"Cell toxicity mechanism and biomarker","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrachi, T., Ganzerli, F., Cuoghi, A., Ferrari, A., Resca, E., Bergamini, V., Accorsi, L., Burini, F., Pasini, D., and Arnaud, G.F. (2021). Assessing biocompatibility of face mask materials during COVID-19 pandemic by a rapid multi-assays strategy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105387"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107364","article-title":"Evaluation of fiber and debris release from protective COVID-19 mask textiles and in vitro acute cytotoxicity effects","volume":"167","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-Lobato, C., Echeverry-Rend\u00f3n, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Bl\u00e1zquez, J., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Llorca, J. (2024). Mechanical properties, in vitro degradation and cytocompatibility of woven textiles manufactured from PLA\/PCL commingled yarns. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.106340"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kub\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, J., Medek, T., Husby, J., Matonohov\u00e1, J., V\u00e1gnerov\u00e1, H., Marholdov\u00e1, L., Velebn\u00fd, V., and Chmela\u0159, J. (2022). Nonwoven textiles from hyaluronan for wound healing applications. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010016"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/15569520500536600","article-title":"Textiles and human skin, microclimate, cutaneous reactions: An overview","volume":"25","author":"Zhong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.139","article-title":"Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of anionic dyes onto organo-bentonite from single and multisolute systems","volume":"172","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Four Active Dyes Against Artemia Salina Leach","volume":"9","author":"Morshed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04818-1","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Crude and Treated Liquid Effluents from Textile Industry Dyeing Using Bioindicator Allium cepa L.","volume":"231","author":"Domingues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2013.06.005","article-title":"Genotoxicological assessment of two reactive dyes extracted from cotton fibres using artificial sweat","volume":"28","author":"Leme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5132\/eec.2022.01.05","article-title":"The Evaluation of Reactive Textile Dyes Regarding their Potential to Cause Organ-Specific Cyto- and Geno-Toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Contam."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1515\/aut-2007-070306","article-title":"Evaluating the Toxicity of Reactive Dyes and Dyed Fabrics with the HaCaT Cytotoxicity Test","volume":"7","author":"Klemola","year":"2007","journal-title":"AUTEX Res. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzicato, B., Pacifico, S., Cayuela, D., Mijas, G., and Riba-Moliner, M. (2023). Advancements in Sustainable Natural Dyes for Textile Applications: A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165954"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117120","article-title":"Textile dyes loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Characterization, biocompatibility and staining capacity","volume":"251","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, L., Cabral, I., and Cunha, J. (2022). Ecological Approaches to Textile Dyeing: A Review. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148353"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biori.2019.09.001","article-title":"Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms","volume":"3","author":"Lellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periyasamy, A.P. (2023). Microfiber Emissions from Functionalized Textiles: Potential Threat for Human Health and Environmental Risks. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050406"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, A., Grohmann, E., and Akhtar, R. (2014). Environmental and health effects of textile industry wastewater. Environmental Deterioration and Human Health Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7890-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.06.011","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity evaluation of gamma radiation and hydrogen peroxide treated textile effluents using bioassays","volume":"3","author":"Iqbal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00018","article-title":"Biodegradation of synthetic dyes of textile effluent by microorganisms: An environmentally and economically sustainable approach","volume":"9","author":"Jamee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazl.2022.100068","article-title":"Efficacy of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. in textile dye degradation: A combined study on molecular identification, growth optimization, and comparative degradation","volume":"3","author":"Rima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles2040034","article-title":"Smart Fabric Textiles: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Textiles"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1108\/RJTA-12-04-2008-B005","article-title":"Development of Cosmetic Textiles Using Microencapsulation Technology","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. J. Text. Appar."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/textiles3020017","article-title":"Temperature-Dependent Shape-Memory Textiles: Physical Principles and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Ornaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Textiles"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singha, K., Maity, S., Pandit, P., and Mondal, M.I.H. (2022). Introduction to protective textiles. Protective Textiles from Natural Resources, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90477-3.00023-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, B. (2021). Textiles Functionalization\u2014A Review of Materials, Processes, and Assessment. Textiles for Functional Applications, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.96936"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-007-9318-3","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Application to textiles as UV-absorbers","volume":"10","author":"Becheri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.03.029","article-title":"A review on the application of inorganic nano-structured materials in the modification of textiles: Focus on anti-microbial properties","volume":"79","author":"Dastjerdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2020.100345","article-title":"Controlled nano-particle dyeing of cotton can ensure low cytotoxicity risk with multi-functional property enhancement","volume":"17","author":"Khandual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2019.100195","article-title":"Hazard assessment of polymer-capped CuO and ZnO nanocolloids: A contribution to the safe-by-design implementation of biocidal agents","volume":"17","author":"Fiandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c04880","article-title":"Integration of Cotton Fabrics with Biosynthesized CuO Nanoparticles for Bactericidal Activity in the Terms of Their Cytotoxicity Assessment","volume":"60","author":"Shaheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2020.100282","article-title":"In vitro skin toxicity of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: Application in the safety assessment of antimicrobial coated textiles","volume":"21","author":"Bengalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23849","article-title":"Antibacterial evaluation of different prosthetic liner textiles coated by CuO nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Najmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03826-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial textile: Recent developments and functional perspective","volume":"79","author":"Gulati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granados, A., Pleixats, R., and Vallribera, A. (2021). Recent advances on antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory cotton fabrics containing nanostructures. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26103008"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, U.A.-R., Mahmoud, Z.H., Alaziz, K.M.A., Alid, M.L., Yasin, Y., Ali, F.K., Faisal, A.N., Abd, A.N., and Kianfar, E. (2023). Antimicrobial finishing of textiles using nanomaterials. Braz. J. Biol., 84.","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.264947"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.158","article-title":"A green chemistry to produce iron oxide\u2014Chitosan nanocomposite (CS-IONC) for the upgraded bio-restorative and pharmacotherapeutic activities\u2014Supra molecular nanoformulation against drug-resistant pathogens and malignant growth","volume":"138","author":"Rabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36269","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b07053","article-title":"In Vivo Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Bacterial Non-Leachable Coating Thermally Polymerized on Cylindrical Catheter","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38506","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b14986","article-title":"Facile and Versatile Modification of Cotton Fibers for Persistent Antibacterial Activity and Enhanced Hygroscopicity","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.259","article-title":"Construction of antimicrobial and biocompatible cotton textile based on quaternary ammonium salt from rosin acid","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.07.071","article-title":"Exposure to common quaternary ammonium disinfectants decreases fertility in mice","volume":"50","author":"Melin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.114","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and molecular effects of biocidal disinfectants (Quaternary ammonia, glutaraldehyde, poly (Hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride PHMB) and their mixtures in vitro and in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos","volume":"586","author":"Christen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.11.024","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of cotton fabric coated with conducting polymers, polyaniline or polypyrrole, and with deposited silver nanoparticles","volume":"396","author":"Bober","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertuccioli, A., Cannataro, R., Gervasi, M., Benelli, P., Gregoretti, A., Ragazzini, M., Neri, M., Palazzi, C.M., Cardinali, M., and Zonzini, G. (2023). Preliminary Assessment of the Acute Effects of Far Infrared-Emitting Garments: What Are the Possible Implications for Recovery and Performance?. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13101998"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Wang, H.S.A., Ewens, D.A., Garner, S.C., Lunn, R.M., Mehta, S.S., Peters, A.F., Trgovcich, J., and Witt, K.L. (2018). Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Antimony Trioxide, National Toxicology Program."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104824","article-title":"Antimony release from polyester textiles by artificial sweat solutions: A call for a standardized procedure","volume":"119","author":"Biver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-024-01811-z","article-title":"Enhancing the durability of mosquito repellent textiles through microencapsulation of lavender oil","volume":"98","author":"Tariq","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14168","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR01839G","article-title":"Transforming textile waste into nanocellulose for a circular future","volume":"16","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01366","article-title":"High-Quality Cellulosic Fibers Engineered from Cotton-Elastane Textile Waste","volume":"25","author":"Villar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwesh, O.M., Matter, I.A., Al-Balakocy, N.G., and Abo-Alkasem, M.I. (2024). Circular economy reinforcement through molecular fabrication of textile wastes with microbial synthesized ZnO nanoparticles to have multifunctional properties. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66430-1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165153","article-title":"Implications of circular textile policies for the future regulation of hazardous substances in textiles in the European Union","volume":"896","author":"Bour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2448-6","article-title":"Chemicals from textiles to skin: An in vitro permeation study of benzothiazole","volume":"25","author":"Iadaresta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116479","article-title":"Clothing as a potential exposure source of trace elements during early life","volume":"233","author":"Herrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes-Ferreira, M., Farinha, L., Costa, Y., Pinto, F., Disner, G., Rosa, J., and Lima, C. (2023). Pesticide-Induced Inflammation at a Glance. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110896"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112064","article-title":"Skin irritation and inhalation toxicity of biocides evaluated with reconstructed human epidermis and airway model","volume":"150","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uiae007","DOI":"10.1093\/joccuh\/uiae007","article-title":"A systematic review of work-related health problems of factory workers in the textile and fashion industry","volume":"66","author":"Seidu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.073","article-title":"Occurrence of benzothiazole, benzotriazole and benzenesulfonamide derivates in outdoor air particulate matter samples and human exposure assessment","volume":"193","author":"Maceira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.09.027","article-title":"Human health risks due to exposure to inorganic and organic chemicals from textiles: A review","volume":"168","author":"Rovira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"127","article-title":"Occupational Health and Safety in the textile industry","volume":"4","author":"Mekala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16483-w","article-title":"Environmental risks and toxicity of surfactants: Overview of analysis, assessment, and remediation technique","volume":"28","author":"Badmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-023-00173-w","article-title":"Chronic quaternary ammonium compound exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on human health","volume":"15","author":"Frantz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papavasilopoulos, R., and Kang, S. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis: The Effects of Triclosan on Human Health. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10090523"}],"container-title":["Textiles"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7248\/5\/2\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:28:26Z","timestamp":1760030906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7248\/5\/2\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["textiles5020016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/textiles5020016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-7248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-7248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}