{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:36Z","timestamp":1760145456546,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tourism and Hospitality"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 was a defining moment of the 21st century, causing major disruptions to tourism and global mobility. Travel patterns have changed significantly, influencing people\u2019s perception of travel. This study aims to explore how COVID-19 affected the travel intentions of the Portuguese. The research is based on a questionnaire administered to 762 individuals, using structural equation modeling with partial least squares. In general, individuals have a reasonable perception of fear of the consequences of COVID-19, risk, and travel behavior and do not appear to have anxiety or fear of traveling. As for their intention to travel, they seem to have intentions. The results of this analysis demonstrate that fear of traveling, and travel behavior directly influence travel intentions and, indirectly, through fear of the consequences of COVID-19, anxiety, fear of traveling, and perceived travel risk. This study is particularly relevant for entities that manage and monitor the travel intentions of their clients and consumers, especially in the travel and tourism sector. It aims to more effectively meet the needs and desires of travelers, in addition to formulating strategies that promote the recovery of tourism in the post-pandemic period. The added value of research lies in its potential to guide strategic decision-making and policy formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tourhosp5030039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T14:16:38Z","timestamp":1721398598000},"page":"657-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How COVID-19 Affected Portuguese Travel Intentions\u2014A PLS-SEM Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8069-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eul\u00e1lia","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Education and Social Sciences, CI&DEI, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 1, Rua Dr. Jo\u00e3o Soares, Apartado 4045, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida Freitas","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEOS.PP\u2014Polo Coimbra (ISCAC) & Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL-ISCTE), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Business School, Quinta Agr\u00edcola\u2014Bencanta, 3045-231 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Oliveira","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REMIT\u2014Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Department of Economics and Management, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-027 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas No.1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2021.1906631","article-title":"two-dimensional approach to travel motivation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Aebli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Percep\u00e7\u00f5es dos riscos de viagens a\u00e9reas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no estado de Santa Catarina-Brasil","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"TURYDES Rev. Sobre Tur. Desarro. Local Sosten."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/tie.22188","article-title":"A reflection on explanatory factors for COVID-19: A comparative study between countries","volume":"63","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thunderbird Int. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104286","article-title":"Too afraid to Travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS)","volume":"84","author":"Zenker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Challenge of COVID-19 for Youth Travel","volume":"11","author":"Richards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. An. Bras. Estud. Tur.-ABET"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer16050075","article-title":"Changes in Consumption Patterns and Tourist Promotion after the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Toubes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.2008","article-title":"To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-03-2020-0110","article-title":"COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens\u2019 lifestyle and travel","volume":"76","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.05.009","article-title":"The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak: A retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2007.10.006","article-title":"Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.03.006","article-title":"\u2018No Ebola\u2026 still doomed\u2019\u2014The Ebola-induced tourism crisis","volume":"70","author":"Novelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation","volume":"20","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J.M., and Lam, C.F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards \u201cTravel Bubble\u201d destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217859"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1743","article-title":"The Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic in Tourism Sector: A Systematic Review","volume":"50","author":"Rokni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1798895","article-title":"The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards \u2018untact\u2019 tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1829570","article-title":"Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1803807","article-title":"Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region","volume":"24","author":"Neuburger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"158","article-title":"Ceding to their fears: A taxonomic analysis of heterogeneity in COVID-19 associated perceived risk and intended travel behaviour","volume":"46","author":"Matiza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Recreat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2021.1874313","article-title":"Profiling and evaluating Chinese consumers regarding post-COVID-19 travel","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tdac013","DOI":"10.1093\/tse\/tdac013","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on daily travel behaviour: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Tonmoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.07.008","article-title":"Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post disaster Japan","volume":"40","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-06-2020-0257","article-title":"Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"76","author":"Godovykh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2017.1388770","article-title":"The next frontier in tourism emotion research","volume":"22","author":"Moyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510802185836","article-title":"The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion","volume":"3","author":"Stroebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Influ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"55","article-title":"Explaining risk perception. An evaluation of the psychometric paradigm in risk perception research","volume":"84","author":"Moen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rotunde Publ. Rotunde"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"64","article-title":"Examining the influence of past travel experience, general web searching behaviour and risk perception on future travel intentions","volume":"1","author":"Schroeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Saf. Secur. Tour."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287504272017","article-title":"Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception","volume":"43","author":"Reisinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Travel. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(97)00093-5","article-title":"Tourism, terrorism, and political instability","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v07n04_06","article-title":"Travel decision-making: From the vintage point of perceived risk and information preferences","volume":"7","author":"Maser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287503041004002","article-title":"International tourism and its global health consequences","volume":"41","author":"Richter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(03)00024-0","article-title":"Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism","volume":"30","author":"Lepp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2008.08.001","article-title":"Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Rittichainuwat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(97)00072-8","article-title":"Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions","volume":"25","author":"Graefe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"195","article-title":"The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US","volume":"20","author":"Cahyanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2004.03.011","article-title":"Profiling risk perceptions of tourists","volume":"31","author":"Floyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.02.006","article-title":"The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.06.011","article-title":"Influences of travel constraints on the people with disabilities\u2019 intention to travel: An application of Seligman\u2019s helplessness theory","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.05.013","article-title":"Predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability: A theory-informed, systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Irwin, N. (2021, August 03). It\u2019s the End of the World Economy as We Know It, The New York Times, Available online: www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/16\/upshot\/world-economy-restructuring-coronavirus.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Papadimitriou, D., and Kaplanidou, K. (2016). Marketing Destinations and Venues for Conferences, Conventions and Business Events, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"731","article-title":"Understanding Chinese tourists\u2019 travel behavior: A qualitative study","volume":"53","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.9734\/jesbs\/2020\/v33i430219","article-title":"The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior?","volume":"33","author":"Wachyuni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Educ. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-07-2014-0354","article-title":"A structural model for destination travel intention as a media exposure: Belief-desire-intention model perspetive","volume":"28","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2004.01.010","article-title":"Factors influencing destination image","volume":"31","author":"Beerli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(03)00003-7","article-title":"Tourist\u2019s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town","volume":"24","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Silva, E.E. (2008). Qual a import\u00e2ncia do estudo piloto. Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Passo a Passo: Perguntas e Respostas para Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cl\u00ednica, APMCG."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Fonseca, C.B., Canhota, C., Silva, E.E., Sim\u00f5es, J., Yaphe, J., Maia, M.C., Ribas, M.J., Melo, M., Nicola, P.J., and Braga, R. (2008). Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Passo a Passo: Perguntas e Respostas para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cl\u00ednica, APMCG."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"IBM Corporation (IBM SPSS Statistics, 2023). IBM SPSS Statistics, version 28."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022, August 14). SMARTPLS GmbH, SMART PLS 4 [Software]. Available online: https:\/\/www.smartpls.com."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, SAGE Publication Ltd.. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2018). An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica Com o SPSS Statistics 25, Report Number. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","article-title":"PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet","volume":"19","author":"Hair","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mark. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"277","article-title":"The use of partial least squares path modeling in international Marketing","volume":"20","author":"Henseler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Int. Mark."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C., and Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Erlbaum."}],"container-title":["Tourism and Hospitality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-5768\/5\/3\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:26Z","timestamp":1760109566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-5768\/5\/3\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tourhosp5030039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tourhosp5030039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5768"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-5768"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}