{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:55:26Z","timestamp":1760151326493,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04004\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IATV - Instituto do Ambiente Tecnologia e Vida","award":["no"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study the recolonization concentration concept for soil organisms is presented and validated. This concept is based on the empirically deduced avoidance\u2013recolonization hypothesis, which shows a negative correlation between avoidance (ACx) and recolonization (RCx) (ACx = RC100\u2212x) responses. The concept was validated in a two-step approach composed by (i) individual placement tests, to demonstrate the non-influence of individual placement in a dual chamber avoidance test and (ii) small scale gradient tests to demonstrate that the number of colonizers reaching a soil patch with a certain concentration is independent on their previous exposure to lower concentrations. Overall, data show that avoidance data can be used, when framed under the recolonization concentration concept, to evaluate the recolonization potential of contaminated sites. The recolonization concept is an important theoretical concept that when coupled with spatial modelling tools could be used to tackle the spatial and temporal recovery dynamics of contaminated soil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10030127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:38Z","timestamp":1646599238000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Recolonization Concentration Concept: Using Avoidance Assays with Soil Organisms to Predict the Recolonization Potential of Contaminated Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Renaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1628-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Natal-da-Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0883-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFE\u2014Centre for Functional Ecology, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.5630020402","article-title":"Aquatic risks of pesticides, ecological protection goals, and common aims in European Union legislation","volume":"2","author":"Brock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.05.057","article-title":"Development of a framework based on an ecosystem services approach for deriving specific protection goals for environmental risk assessment of pesticides","volume":"415","author":"Nienstedt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Van der Linden, A.M.A., Boesten, J.J.T., Brock, T.C.M., Van Eekelen, G.M.A., Horst, M.M.S., Montforts, M.H.M.M., and Pol, J.W. (2008). Revised Proposal for the Risk Assessment of Persistence of Plant Protection Products in Soil, RIVM."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e04690","article-title":"Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms","volume":"15","author":"Ockleford","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1897\/08-626.1","article-title":"Ecological vulnerability in wildlife: An expert judgment and multicriteria analysis tool using ecological traits to assess relative impact of pollutants","volume":"28","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1078\/S0031-4056(04)70068-2","article-title":"The role of hedgerows in the recolonisation of arable fields by epigeal Collembola","volume":"44","author":"Alvarez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"874","article-title":"Type \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018B\u2019 recovery revisited: The role of field-edge habitats for Collembola and macroarthropod community recovery after insecticide treatment","volume":"145","author":"Hendy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317626","article-title":"Colonization of new habitats by earthworms","volume":"91","author":"Marinissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1078\/0031-4056-00098","article-title":"Dispersal of microarthropods in forest soil","volume":"45","author":"Ojala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2009.04.017","article-title":"Experimental assessment of habitat preference and dispersal ability of soil springtails","volume":"41","author":"Auclerc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2013.05.009","article-title":"The dispersal of the earthworm Aporrectodea giardi responds faster to habitat quality than to cumulative use of habitat in experimental conditions","volume":"71","author":"Caro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2009.10.018","article-title":"Habitat quality, conspecific density, and habitat pre-use affect the dispersal behaviour of two earthworm species, Aporrectodea icterica and Dendrobaena veneta, in a mesocosm experiment","volume":"42","author":"Mathieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"37","article-title":"Colonisation by ground and edaphic invertebrates of soil patches with different pollution levels","volume":"109","author":"Fenoglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Period. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2011.08.005","article-title":"Earthworm colonisation of abandoned arable soil polluted by copper","volume":"55","author":"Holmstrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.25","article-title":"Integrating population modeling into ecological risk assessment","volume":"6","author":"Forbes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1897\/08-029.1","article-title":"The extrapolation problem and how population modeling can help","volume":"27","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.017","article-title":"Population models for ecological risk assessment of chemicals: Short introduction and summary of a special issue","volume":"280","author":"Grimm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.09.024","article-title":"Stochastic density-dependent matrix model for extrapolating individual-level effects of chemicals to the population: Case study on effects of Cd on Folsomia candida","volume":"280","author":"Hamda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.11.010","article-title":"Population-level consequences of spatially heterogeneous exposure to heavy metals in soil: An individual-based model of springtails","volume":"250","author":"Meli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.07.027","article-title":"Two pairs of eyes are better than one: Combining individual-based and matrix models for ecological risk assessment of chemicals","volume":"280","author":"Meli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2007). Soil Quality\u2014Avoidance Test for Testing the Quality of Soils and Effects of Chemicals on Behaviour\u2014Test with Earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei) (Standard No. ISO 17512-1)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2008). Soil quality\u2014Avoidance Test for Determining the Quality of Soils and Effects of Chemicals on Behaviour\u2014Part 2: Test with Collembolans (Folsomia candida) (Standard No. ISO 17512-2)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1897\/03-445","article-title":"Avoidance tests with Collembola and earthworms as early screening tools for site-specific assessment of polluted soils","volume":"23","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1897\/07-386.1","article-title":"Avoidance tests in site-specific risk assessment\u2014Influence of soil propertires on the avoidance response of collembola and earthworms","volume":"27","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-010-0255-x","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of a metal-contaminated area in the Tropics. Tier I: Screening phase","volume":"10","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(96)00151-4","article-title":"Distribution of soil animals in patchily contaminated soil","volume":"28","author":"Salminen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170618","article-title":"Responses of two earthworm populations with different exposure histories to chlorophenol contamination","volume":"17","author":"Haimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.264","article-title":"Stressor-driven emigration and recolonisation patterns in disturbed habitats","volume":"643","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1970). Solos\u2014An\u00e1lise Granulom\u00e9trica por Peneira\u00e7\u00e3o H\u00famida (Standard No. LNEC-E 239)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2007). Soil Quality\u2014Determination of Water-Retention Characteristic\u2014Laboratory Methods (Standard No. ISO 11274)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01338151","article-title":"Neue Methode zul Bestimmung des Stickstoffs in organischen K\u00f6rpern","volume":"22","author":"Kjeldahl","year":"1883","journal-title":"Z. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2007). Soil Quality\u2014Determination of Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation Level Using Barium Chloride Solution (Standard No. ISO 11260)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.33.339","article-title":"Probit analysis of preference data","volume":"33","author":"Sakuma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.02.013","article-title":"Terrestrial avoidance behaviour tests as screening tool to assess soil contamination","volume":"138","author":"Loureiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.129","article-title":"Effects of single and combined exposures to copper and benzotriazole on Eisenia fetida","volume":"186","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1078\/0031-4056-00180","article-title":"A comparison of Collembola species for toxicity testing of Australian soils","volume":"47","author":"Greenslade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1897\/07-545.1","article-title":"Influence of soil properties on copper toxicity for two soil invertebrates","volume":"27","author":"Criel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1897\/08-592.1","article-title":"Toxicity of trace metals in soi as affected by soil type and aging after contamination: Using calibrated bioavailability models to set ecological soil standards","volume":"28","author":"Smolders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"622","article-title":"The influence of mineral solubility and soil solution concentration on the toxicity of copper to Eisenia fetida Savigny","volume":"2","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.12.023","article-title":"Avoidance tests with Folsomia candida for the assessment of copper contamination in agricultural soils","volume":"159","author":"Boiteau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1164-5563(02)01158-5","article-title":"Avoidance response of different collembolan species to Betanal","volume":"38","author":"Heupel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2307\/3546167","article-title":"Modelling dispersal distances in a soil gradient: The influence of metal resistance, competition, and experience","volume":"71","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.044","article-title":"Dimethoate Affects Cholinesterases in Folsomia candida and Their Locomotion\u2014False Negative Results of an Avoidance Behaviour Test","volume":"443","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.17109\/AZH.64.4.355.2018","article-title":"Folsomia candida (collembola) locomotor activity pattern is changed by a neurotoxicant pesticide","volume":"64","author":"Seres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.09.005","article-title":"Avoidance tests with earthworms and springtails: Defining the minimum exposure time to observe a significant response","volume":"71","author":"Amorim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/3\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:45Z","timestamp":1760135565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/10\/3\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics10030127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10030127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2305-6304"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]}}}