{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:42:36Z","timestamp":1772552556263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013239","name":"CESAM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UNRAvEL","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/01275\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01275\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National funds (OE), through FCT","award":["framework contract foreseen in the num-bers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["framework contract foreseen in the num-bers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree Law 57\/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19"]}]},{"name":"H2020 through the LABPLAS project","award":["G.A. 101003954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.A. 101003954"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastics in all shapes and sizes have become widespread across ecosystems due to intense anthropogenic use. As such, they can interact with other contaminants that accumulate in the terrestrial environment, such as pharmaceuticals, metals or nanomaterials (NMs). These interactions can potentiate combined toxic effects in the exposed soil organisms, with hazardous long-term consequences to the full ecosystem. In the present study, a terrestrial model species, Enchytraeus crypticus (oligochaeta), was exposed through contaminated soil with nanopolystyrene (representative of nanoplastics (NPls)), alone and in combination with diphenhydramine (DPH, representative of pharmaceuticals), silver nitrate (AgNO3, representative of metals) and vanadium nanoparticles (VNPs, representative of NMs). AgNO3 and VNPs decreased E. crypticus reproduction at 50 mg\/kg, regardless of the presence of NPls. Moreover, at the same concentration, both single and combined VNP exposures decreased the E. crypticus survival. On the other hand, DPH and NPls individually caused no effect on organisms\u2019 survival and reproduction. However, the combination of DPH (10 and 50 mg\/kg) with 300 mg NPls\/kg induced a decrease in reproduction, showing a relevant interaction between the two contaminants (synergism). Our findings indicate that the NPls can play a role as vectors for other contaminants and can potentiate the effects of pharmaceuticals, such as DPH, even at low and sub-lethal concentrations, highlighting the negative impact of mixtures of contaminants (including NPls) on soil systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10040193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Co-Exposure of Nanopolystyrene and Other Environmental Contaminants\u2014Their Toxic Effects on the Survival and Reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4573-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36210 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica J. B.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera L.","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108683","article-title":"Engineered Nanomaterials: From Their Properties and Applications, to Their Toxicity towards Marine Bivalves in a Changing Environment","volume":"178","author":"Coppola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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