{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:49:39Z","timestamp":1770742179932,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES national","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES national","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES national","award":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES national","award":["G.A. 101003954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.A. 101003954"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["G.A. 101003954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.A. 101003954"]}]},{"name":"LABPLAS project","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABPLAS project","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABPLAS project","award":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPL\/2021\/PLASCOGEN_ESTeSL"]}]},{"name":"LABPLAS project","award":["G.A. 101003954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.A. 101003954"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging contaminants such as nanoplastics (NPs), as well as manufacturing by-products such as plasticizers, have gained global attention and concern due to their limited biodegradability and their potential impact on human health, in particular the effects on respiratory tissue. In parallel, in vitro cell culture techniques are key to the assessment and characterization of toxic effects and cellular mechanisms in different types of tissues and should provide relevant information to understand the hazardous potential of these emergent contaminants. This systematic review presents the main results on the current knowledge of the effects of NPs and plasticizers on lung cells, as assessed with the use of in vitro cell culture techniques. From the selected studies (n = 10), following the PRISMA approach, it was observed that cell viability was the most frequently assessed endpoint and that most studies focused on epithelial cells and exposures to polystyrene (PS). It was observed that exposure to NPs or plasticizers induces cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of the size of the NPs. Furthermore, there is evidence that the characteristics of NPs can affect the toxic response by promoting the association with other organic compounds. As such, further in vitro studies focusing on the combination of NPs with plasticizers will be essential for the understanding of mechanisms of NPs toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T03:34:40Z","timestamp":1658374480000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytotoxicity Assessment of Nanoplastics and Plasticizers Exposure in In Vitro Lung Cell Culture Systems\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Cl\u00e9rigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Marques-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Almeida-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao Km 139.7, Bobadela-Loures, 2695-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4573-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Andr\u00e9","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36210 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0304","article-title":"Applications and Societal Benefits of Plastics","volume":"364","author":"Andrady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. 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