{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:44:32Z","timestamp":1774431872818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Unions\u2019 Horizon 2020 research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the chemicals with proven impact on workers\u2019 health. The use of human biomonitoring (HBM) to assess occupational exposure to PAHs has become more common in recent years, but the data generated need an overall view to make them more usable by regulators and policymakers. This comprehensive review, developed under the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative, was based on the literature available from 2008\u20132022, aiming to present and discuss the information on occupational exposure to PAHs, in order to identify the strengths and limitations of exposure and effect biomarkers and the knowledge needs for regulation in the workplace. The most frequently used exposure biomarker is urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), a metabolite of pyrene. As effect biomarkers, those based on the measurement of oxidative stress (urinary 8-oxo-dG adducts) and genotoxicity (blood DNA strand-breaks) are the most common. Overall, a need to advance new harmonized approaches both in data and sample collection and in the use of appropriate biomarkers in occupational studies to obtain reliable and comparable data on PAH exposure in different industrial sectors, was noted. Moreover, the use of effect biomarkers can assist to identify work environments or activities of high risk, thus enabling preventive risk mitigation and management measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Use of Human Biomonitoring to Assess Occupational Exposure to PAHs in Europe: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Costa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anne Thoustrup","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Anna Laura","family":"Iamiceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u00f6en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPASUM, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2038-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andromachi","family":"Katsonouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 28648, Nicosia 2081, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana M.","family":"Neophytou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 28648, Nicosia 2081, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Oberemm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Stra\u00dfe 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Radu Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 1, Rue Louis Rech, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6417-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana F.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Olea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Nova Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","article-title":"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samburova, V., Zielinska, B., and Khlystov, A. (2017). Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity?. 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