{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T22:07:25Z","timestamp":1775686045664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A study was conducted within the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) to characterize occupational exposure to Cr(VI). Herein we present the results of biomarkers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress, including micronucleus analysis in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, the comet assay in whole blood, and malondialdehyde and 8-oxo-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine in urine. Workers from several Cr(VI)-related industrial activities and controls from industrial (within company) and non-industrial (outwith company) environments were included. The significantly increased genotoxicity (p = 0.03 for MN in lymphocytes and reticulocytes; p &lt; 0.001 for comet assay data) and oxidative stress levels (p = 0.007 and p &lt; 0.001 for MDA and 8-OHdG levels in pre-shift urine samples, respectively) that were detected in the exposed workers over the outwith company controls suggest that Cr(VI) exposure might still represent a health risk, particularly, for chrome painters and electrolytic bath platers, despite the low Cr exposure. The within-company controls displayed DNA and chromosomal damage levels that were comparable to those of the exposed group, highlighting the relevance of considering all industry workers as potentially exposed. The use of effect biomarkers proved their capacity to detect the early biological effects from low Cr(VI) exposure, and to contribute to identifying subgroups that are at higher risk. Overall, this study reinforces the need for further re-evaluation of the occupational exposure limit and better application of protection measures. However, it also raised some additional questions and unexplained inconsistencies that need follow-up studies to be clarified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T02:48:23Z","timestamp":1660877303000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["HBM4EU Chromates Study\u2014Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Workers Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kukka","family":"Aimonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Ndaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Research and Safety Institute, 54500 Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Fu\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2936-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Catal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Corneliu","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 952, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 952, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Janasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91348 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HTRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1549-020 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Namorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"An Van","family":"Nieuwenhuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 952, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannu","family":"Norppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T. J.","family":"Scheepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), O&N 5b, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 952, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wasowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91348 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Santonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the HBM4EU Chromates Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.03.003","article-title":"Biomonitoring of humans exposed to arsenic, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and complex mixtures of metals by using the micronucleus test in lymphocytes","volume":"770","author":"Annangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.-Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017). SCOEL\/REC\/386 Chromiun VI compounds. Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IARC (2018). 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