{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:40:03Z","timestamp":1772930403435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020a"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109153\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UI\/BD\/152087\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152087\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to characterize the exposure of pregnant women living in Portugal to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and to evaluate the association of this exposure with maternal outcomes and newborn anthropometric measures. We also aimed to compare exposure in summer with exposure in winter. Pregnant women attending ultrasound scans from April 2018 to April 2019 at a central hospital in Porto, Portugal, were invited to participate. Inclusion criteria were: gestational week between 10 and 13, confirmed fetal vitality, and a signature of informed consent. 3-PBA was measured in spot urine samples by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The median 3-PBA concentration was 0.263 (0.167; 0.458) \u00b5g\/g creatinine (n = 145). 3-PBA excretion was negatively associated with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.049), and it was higher during the summer when compared to winter (p &lt; 0.001). The frequency of fish or yogurt consumption was associated positively with 3-PBA excretion, particularly during the winter (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015, respectively), when environmental exposure is low. Moreover, 3-PBA was associated with levothyroxine use (p = 0.01), a proxy for hypothyroidism, which could be due to a putative 3-PBA\u2014thyroid hormone antagonistic effect. 3-PBA levels were not associated with the anthropometric measures of the newborn. In conclusion, pregnant women living in Portugal are exposed to 3-PBA, particularly during summer, and this exposure may be associated with maternal clinical features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:01:18Z","timestamp":1675044078000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Exposure during Pregnancy with Maternal Outcomes and Newborn Anthropometric Measures: Results from the IoMum Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Bracchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nara","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (MND), Faculty of Nutrition Em\u00edlia de Jesus Ferreiro (FNEJF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niter\u00f3i 20010-010, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School\u2502FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-3272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8421-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Calhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School\u2502FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ginecology-Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00ednia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-97","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers of exposure to insecticides, herbicides, and one insect repellent among pregnant women in Puerto Rico","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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