{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:35:19Z","timestamp":1766428519707,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inorganic arsenic (As), a carcinogenic element to humans, is among the most dangerous and flammable substances that coal-burning plants could release. When coal is burned, large portions of arsenic are captured on fly-ash (FA) particles, but it could also contribute significantly to stack emissions of fine fly-ash particles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral and respiratory bioaccessibility of arsenic in lignite fly-ash (LFA) samples, and their contribution to total As exposure. Arsenic bioaccessibility fractions via ingestion and inhalation showed significant differences, suggesting the presence of highly soluble As-bearing phases in the studied LFA samples. The bioaccessible As fractions (BAF%) in the simulated gastric fluids (UBM protocol, ISO 17924:2018) showed a range of 45\u201373%, while the pulmonary bioaccessibility rates in the simulated lung fluid (artificial lung fluid (ALF)) exhibited significantly enhanced levels ranging from 86% to 95%. The obtained arsenic bioaccessibility rates were compared with previous data for multiple environmental matrices such as soil and dust-related materials, revealing that LFA exhibited significantly higher bioaccessibility (%) for the inhalation pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1681097058000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhanced Gastric\/Lung Arsenic Bioaccessibility from Lignite Fly Ashes: Comparing Bioaccessibility Rates with Multiple Environmental Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Bourliva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Secondary Education of Western Thessaloniki, 56430 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Efstratios","family":"Kelepertzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamprini","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Patinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOBIOTEC, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kantiranis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2012). 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