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The literature-based evidence suggests that NMPs interact with other environmental contaminants in freshwater ecosystems through sorption mechanisms, thereby playing a vector role. Chemically bound NMPs can translocate throughout the environment, reaching long distances from the contaminant discharge site. In addition, they can be ab\/adsorbed by freshwater organisms. Although many studies show that NMPs can increase toxicity towards freshwater biota through the carrier role, little is known regarding their potential to influence the bioaccumulation of environmental contaminants (EC) in freshwater species. This review is part II of a systematic literature review regarding the influence of NMPs on bioaccumulation. Part I deals with terrestrial organisms and part II is devoted to freshwater organisms. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA ScR) was used for the literature search and selection. Only studies that assessed the bioaccumulation of EC in the presence of NMPs and compared this with the bioaccumulation of the isolated EC were considered. Here, we discuss the outcome of 46 papers, considering NMPs that induced an increase, induced a decrease, or caused no effect on bioaccumulation. Lastly, knowledge gaps are identified, and future directives for this area of research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T10:51:56Z","timestamp":1684839116000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics\u2019 (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II\u2014Freshwater Organisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabianne","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria D.","family":"Pavlaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato Almeida","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeu M. V. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula S.","family":"Tourinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118421","article-title":"Updated review on microplastics in water, their occurrence, detection, measurement, environmental pollution, and the need for regulatory standards","volume":"292","author":"Yusuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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