{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:49:23Z","timestamp":1771037363559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Water Joint Programming Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WATER 21015 JPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WATER 21015 JPI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Water Joint Programming Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K5\/2950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5\/2950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European research project IDOUM- Innovative Decentralized and low-cost treatment systems for Optimal Urban wastewater Management","award":["WATER 21015 JPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WATER 21015 JPI"]}]},{"name":"European research project IDOUM- Innovative Decentralized and low-cost treatment systems for Optimal Urban wastewater Management","award":["K5\/2950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5\/2950"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["WATER 21015 JPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WATER 21015 JPI"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["K5\/2950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5\/2950"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WATER 21015 JPI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WATER 21015 JPI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K5\/2950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5\/2950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensive use of antibiotics (for human, veterinary, and agricultural purposes) has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Large amounts of antibiotic residues are released into aquatic systems, mostly due to inefficient wastewater treatment. Conventional wastewater treatments are not designed to remove emerging contaminants (such as antibiotics) from wastewater. Therefore, algae treatment (phycoremediation) has emerged as a promising choice for cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable wastewater treatment. For this reason, we investigated the removal performance of a well-established algal consortia (Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris) used in passive wastewater treatment ponds (Mosselbay, South Africa). Five antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin) were selected for their ubiquity and\/or low removal efficiency in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). For each antibiotic, two concentrations were used: one environmentally relevant (10 ppb) and another 10 times higher (100 ppb), tested in triplicate and collected at two-time points (7 and 10 days). The algae remained viable over the exposure period (which is similar to the retention time within maturation ponds) and exhibited the capacity to remove sulfamethoxazole (77.3% \u00b1 3.0 and 46.5% \u00b1 5.3) and ofloxacin (43.5% \u00b1 18.9 and 55.1% \u00b1 12.0) from samples spiked with 10 and 100 ppb, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential and innovation of algal remediation for contaminants in a developing country context, where minimal infrastructure is available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:57:09Z","timestamp":1688695029000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Removal of Antibiotics Using an Algae-Algae Consortium (Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3233-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyanda L.","family":"Ndlela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and the Environment Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Genthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and the Environment Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Cruzeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagadinou, M., Onisor, M.O., Rigas, A., Musetescu, D.-V., Gkentzi, D., Assimakopoulos, S.F., Panos, G., and Marangos, M. 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