{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:10:58Z","timestamp":1762254658058,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to environmental chemicals during developmental stages can result in several adverse outcomes. In this study, the exposure of Portuguese children to Cu, Co, I, Mo, Mn, Ni, As, Sb, Cd, Pb, Sn and Tl was evaluated through the analysis of first morning urine through ICP-MS. Furthermore, we attempted to determine possible exposure predictors. The study sample consisted of 54% girls and 46% boys, with a median age of 10 years; 61% were overweight\/obese and were put on a nutritionally oriented diet. For I, half of the population was probably in deficiency status. The median urinary concentrations (\u03bcg\/L) were Cu 21.9, Mo 54.6, Co 0.76, Mn 2.1, Ni 4.74, As 37.9, Sb 0.09, Cd 0.29, Pb 0.94, Sn 0.45, Tl 0.39 and I 125.5. The region was a significant predictor for Cu, Co, Ni, As and Tl. Children living in an urban area had higher urinary levels, except for Co and Ni. Age was a significant predictor for Cu, I, Mo, Mn, Ni, Sb, Cd and Sn with urinary levels of these elements decreasing with age. No sex-related differences were observed. Diet and weight group were predictors for urinary Cu, Mn, Ni, Sb and As. Significant differences were observed between the diet\/weight groups for Cu, Ni, Sb and As, with the healthy diet group presenting higher values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1694429308000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trace Elements in Portuguese Children: Urinary Levels and Exposure Predictors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Correia-S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00ednia C.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luz","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8021-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departmento de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Norberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7109-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Information and Decision Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Calhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Metabolismo NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina F.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-005-4451-x","article-title":"Occurrence, use and potential toxic effects of metals and metal compounds","volume":"19","author":"Florea","year":"2006","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117061","article-title":"Global anthropogenic atmospheric emission inventory of twelve typical hazardous trace elements, 1995\u20132012","volume":"220","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. 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