{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:52:58Z","timestamp":1760143978292,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTA-GQU\/31208\/2017","CEECIND\/01144\/2017\/CP1459\/CT0009","2021.02653.CEECIND","2021.03267.CEECIND","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020","2020-2023 UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-GQU\/31208\/2017","CEECIND\/01144\/2017\/CP1459\/CT0009","2021.02653.CEECIND","2021.03267.CEECIND","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020","2020-2023 UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["PTDC\/CTA-GQU\/31208\/2017","CEECIND\/01144\/2017\/CP1459\/CT0009","2021.02653.CEECIND","2021.03267.CEECIND","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020","2020-2023 UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-GQU\/31208\/2017","CEECIND\/01144\/2017\/CP1459\/CT0009","2021.02653.CEECIND","2021.03267.CEECIND","UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020","2020-2023 UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The saltmarsh plant Halimione portulacoides was shortly exposed to realistic levels of inorganic mercury (iHg) with the aim of investigating the adaptative processes of the roots and leaves regarding redox homeostasis, physiology, and Hg accumulation. Plants were collected at a contaminated (CONT) and a reference (REF) site to address the interference of contamination backgrounds. The influence of major abiotic variables (i.e., temperature and light) was also examined. Total Hg levels, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and photosynthetic activity were analyzed after 2 and 4 h of exposure. A poor accumulation of Hg in the roots was noticed, and no translocation to the stems and leaves was found, but plants from the CONT site seemed more prone to iHg uptake (in winter). Despite this, antioxidant modulation in the roots and leaves was found, disclosing, in winter, higher thresholds for the induction of enzymatic antioxidants in CONT leaves compared to REF plants, denoting that the former are better prepared to cope with iHg redox pressure. Consistently, CONT leaves exposed to iHg had remarkably lower LPO levels. Exposure did not impair photosynthetic activity, pinpointing H. portulacoides\u2019 ability to cope with iHg toxicity under very-short-term exposure. Biochemical changes were noticed before enhancements in accumulation, reinforcing the relevance of these responses in precociously signaling iHg toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12030211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Redox Homeostasis Disclosed in the Saltmarsh Plant Halimione portulacoides upon Short Waterborne Exposure to Inorganic Mercury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7573-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1832-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute","family":"Ces\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7481-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silja","family":"Frankenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ser\u00f4dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9326-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando J. M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5190-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Can\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163930","article-title":"Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Gedan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126252","article-title":"Towards Adverse Outcome Pathways for Metals in Saltmarsh Ecosystems\u2014A Review","volume":"416","author":"Roe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60231-X","article-title":"Mercury in Sediments and Vegetation in a Moderately Contaminated Salt Marsh (Tagus Estuary, Portugal)","volume":"22","author":"Vale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.01.011","article-title":"Salt-Marsh Plants as Potential Sources of Hg0 into the Atmosphere","volume":"152","author":"Poissant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.335","article-title":"Mercury Mobility and Effects in the Salt-Marsh Plant Halimione portulacoides: Uptake, Transport, and Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms","volume":"650","author":"Cabrita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.07.008","article-title":"Fish Eyes and Brain as Primary Targets for Mercury Accumulation\u2014A New Insight on Environmental Risk Assessment","volume":"494\u2013495","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134749","article-title":"A Critical Review of Mercury Speciation, Bioavailability, Toxicity and Detoxification in Soil-Plant Environment: Ecotoxicology and Health Risk Assessment","volume":"711","author":"Natasha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114393","article-title":"A Biochemical and Lipidomic Approach to Perceive Halimione portulacoides (L.) Response to Mercury: An Environmental Perspective","volume":"186","author":"Figueira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.02.008","article-title":"Halimione portulacoides (L.) Physiological\/Biochemical Characterization for Its Adaptive Responses to Environmental Mercury Exposure","volume":"131","author":"Anjum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(90)90053-8","article-title":"Actions and Interactions of Temperature and Photoperiod on Mercury Accumulation by Elodea Densa from Sediment Source","volume":"20","author":"Ribeyre","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-011-0799-4","article-title":"Impact of Seasonal Fluctuations on the Sediment-Mercury, Its Accumulation and Partitioning in Halimione Portulacoides and Juncus Maritimus Collected from Ria de Aveiro Coastal Lagoon (Portugal)","volume":"222","author":"Anjum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wu, H., Ji, C., Wei, L., Zhao, J., and Yu, J. (2013). An Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Study on the Chronic Effects of Mercury in Suaeda Salsa under an Environmentally Relevant Salinity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064041"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.019","article-title":"Unveiling Zn Hyperaccumulation in Juncus Acutus: Implications on the Electronic Energy Fluxes and on Oxidative Stress with Emphasis on Non-Functional Zn-Chlorophylls","volume":"140","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00024","article-title":"Biophysical and Biochemical Markers of Metal\/Metalloid-Impacts in Salt Marsh Halophytes and Their Implications","volume":"4","author":"Anjum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1021\/es071078j","article-title":"Evidence for Elevated Production of Methylmercury in Salt Marshes","volume":"41","author":"Caetano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2005.06.020","article-title":"Macroalgae Response to a Mercury Contamination Gradient in a Temperate Coastal Lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)","volume":"65","author":"Coelho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ribeiro, B.C. (2022). Trace Element Contamination and Distribution in Surface Sediments in Ria de Aveiro. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico\u2014University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.007","article-title":"Mercury Mobility in a Salt Marsh Colonised by Halimione Portulacoides","volume":"72","author":"Pereira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-006-0008-x","article-title":"Salicornia Ramosissima Population Dynamics and Tolerance of Salinity","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Souri, Z., Cardoso, A.A., Da-Silva, C.J., de Oliveira, L.M., Dari, B., Sihi, D., and Karimi, N. (2019). Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Miller, J.N., and Miller, J.C. (2010). Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, Prentice Hall\/Pearson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2015.10.003","article-title":"Impact of Heat and Cold Events on the Energetic Metabolism of the C3 Halophyte Halimione Portulacoides","volume":"167","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1080\/00021369.1974.10861301","article-title":"Catalase Activities of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Candida Yeasts","volume":"38","author":"Teranishi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.12.004","article-title":"Antioxidant Defense System and Cadmium Uptake in Barley Genotypes Differing in Cadmium Tolerance","volume":"20","author":"Tiryakioglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1062-2","article-title":"Eriophorum Angustifolium and Lolium Perenne Metabolic Adaptations to Metals- and Metalloids-Induced Anomalies in the Vicinity of a Chemical Industrial Complex","volume":"20","author":"Anjum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/32.1.93","article-title":"Leaf Senescence: Correlated with Increased Levels of Membrane Permeability and Lipid Peroxidation, and Decreased Levels of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase","volume":"32","author":"Dhindsa","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.03.019","article-title":"Photosynthetic Activity, Photoprotection and Photoinhibition in Intertidal Microphytobenthos as Studied in Situ Using Variable Chlorophyll Fluorescence","volume":"28","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.06.033","article-title":"Accumulation, Distribution and Cellular Partitioning of Mercury in Several Halophytes of a Contaminated Salt Marsh","volume":"76","author":"Castro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2004.02.009","article-title":"Comparison of Mercury, Lead and Arsenic with Respect to Genotoxic Effects on Plant Systems and the Development of Genetic Tolerance","volume":"52","author":"Patra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04217","article-title":"Mercury Uptake, Accumulation, and Translocation in Roots of Subtropical Forest: Implications of Global Mercury Budget","volume":"56","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122406","article-title":"The Influence of Light Combination on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Enzymatic Activity of Soil with Multi-Metal Pollution in Phytoremediation","volume":"393","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.01.010","article-title":"Redox Homeostasis: The Golden Mean of Healthy Living","volume":"8","author":"Ursini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht217oa","article-title":"Defining Hormesis","volume":"21","author":"Calabrese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127525","article-title":"Influence of Cultivation Salinity in the Nutritional Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Microbial Quality of Salicornia Ramosissima Commercially Produced in Soilless Systems","volume":"333","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086816","article-title":"Seasonal Effects on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Six Economically Important Brassica Vegetables","volume":"16","author":"Aires","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39297-x","article-title":"Impact of Mercury on Photosynthetic Performance of Lemna Minor: A Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Chen, Q., Zhang, L., Liu, X., and Liu, C. (2021). The Toxicity of Selenium and Mercury in Suaeda Salsa after 7-Days Exposure. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109022"}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/3\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:12:15Z","timestamp":1760105535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/12\/3\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics12030211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12030211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2305-6304"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]}}}