{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:36:46Z","timestamp":1775165806003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["S2018\/BAA-4393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/BAA-4393"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion (MCI), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)","award":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["S2018\/BAA-4393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/BAA-4393"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) through FCT and the Portuguese Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)","award":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["S2018\/BAA-4393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/BAA-4393"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["S2018\/BAA-4393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/BAA-4393"]}]},{"name":"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation","award":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122592NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-IND\/01366\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["S2018\/BAA-4393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2018\/BAA-4393"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and European funding","award":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AVANSE-CAL-II-CM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mussels serve as indicators of anthropogenic chemical pollution; however, the effects of microplastics and plastic-related chemicals on their health performance remain an emerging issue. In this study, mussels were exposed to a polyamide (PA; 5 \u03bcg\/L) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP; 1 \u03bcg\/L) for 28 days. The exposures to the two contaminants were performed independently or in combination and lasted 28 days. The results showed that the independent exposure altered enzyme activities more significantly than the combined one. Exposure to the PA significantly (p &lt; 0.05) inhibited the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) by 43.5% and the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 40.6%, while TCP specifically inhibited carboxylesterase (CE) activity by 38.5%, all in respect to the solvent control. When both pollutants were combined, most biomarker responses were similar to control levels. To further investigate if the mussels\u2019 response to contaminants (here, chemical compounds only) could be population-specific, a comparative study between Atlantic and Mediterranean mussels was included. Firstly, baseline detoxification defenses were contrasted in the digestive glands of each mussel population, followed by an assessment of in vitro responses to a wide range of plastic additives. The results revealed that Mediterranean mussels expressed higher baseline activities for most detoxification enzymes, although the in vitro sensitivity to the targeted chemicals was similar in both populations. Of all the plastic additives tested, TCP significantly inhibited CE activity both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro screening also indicated that other plastic additives could act as strong inhibitors of CE. However, additional in vivo exposures in mussels are needed to confirm CE suitability as a biomarker of these chemical exposures. All together, these results also suggest critical population-level differences in susceptibility to microplastic pollution, highlighting a need for targeted conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1740737553000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Could Mussel Populations Be Differentially Threatened by the Presence of Microplastics and Related Chemicals?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3676-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1932-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L. Patr\u00edcio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dulce Lucy","family":"Soliz Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Anal\u00edticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 28232 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Paniagua Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Anal\u00edticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 28232 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9920-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Sol\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, ICM-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2016). Marine Litter, a Global Challenge, United Nations Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","article-title":"Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks","volume":"45","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158412","article-title":"Microfibers in laundry wastewater: Problem and solution","volume":"852","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","article-title":"Microplastics in the marine environment","volume":"62","author":"Andrady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0304","article-title":"Applications and societal benefits of plastics","volume":"364","author":"Andrady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.02.013","article-title":"Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions","volume":"102","author":"Auta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.12.025","article-title":"Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition along a latitudinal gradient in the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"115","author":"Kanhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035","article-title":"Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean","volume":"79","author":"Desforges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.04.018","article-title":"Does the presence of microplastics influence the acute toxicity of chromium(VI) to early juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps)? A study with juveniles from two wild estuarine populations","volume":"164","author":"Luis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.078","article-title":"Microplastics effects in Scrobicularia plana","volume":"122","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33997","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33997","article-title":"Plastic microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organisms","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155063","article-title":"The Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Microparticles on Individual Fitness in Daphnia magna","volume":"11","author":"Ogonowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9339","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00976","article-title":"Deep Dive into Plastic Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids","volume":"55","author":"Wiesinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-021-09603-2","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental toxicity assessment of flame retardants using a human DNT in vitro testing battery","volume":"38","author":"Klose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19099-w","article-title":"Linking biochemical and individual-level effects of chlorpyrifos, triphenyl phosphate, and bisphenol A on sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae","volume":"29","author":"Bellas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116170","article-title":"The hidden threat of plastic leachates: A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms","volume":"184","author":"Gunaalan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113642","article-title":"Micro(nano)plastics and plastic additives effects in marine annelids: A literature review","volume":"214","author":"Pires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096","article-title":"Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: A review","volume":"182","author":"Hermabessiere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.199","article-title":"Halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants in European aquaculture samples","volume":"612","author":"Aminot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109148","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of organophosphate esters on carboxylesterase activity of rat liver microsomes","volume":"327","author":"Tsugoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129351","article-title":"In-depth characterization revealed polymer type and chemical content specific effects of microplastic on Dreissena bugensis","volume":"437","author":"Brehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129490","article-title":"Microplastics in global bivalve mollusks: A call for protocol standardization","volume":"438","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134479","article-title":"Looking beyond the obvious: The ecotoxicological impact of the leachate from fishing nets and cables in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"473","author":"Vilke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2024.107225","article-title":"Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterases in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar as biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollutants","volume":"279","author":"Luchmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.04.023","article-title":"The Mussel Watch California pilot study on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs): Synthesis and next steps","volume":"81","author":"Maruya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062703","article-title":"Bivalve Impacts in Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems","volume":"49","author":"Vaughn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109212","article-title":"Mussel watch program for microplastics in the Mediterranean sea: Identification of biomarkers of exposure using Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"142","author":"Provenza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.032","article-title":"Using mussel as a global bioindicator of coastal microplastic pollution","volume":"244","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117081","article-title":"The sub-lethal impact of plastic and tire rubber leachates on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis","volume":"283","author":"Capolupo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.5194\/os-16-927-2020","article-title":"Modelling mussel (Mytilus spp.) microplastic accumulation","volume":"16","author":"Stamataki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155933","article-title":"Effects of microplastics on physiological performance of marine bivalves, potential impacts, and enlightening the future based on a comparative study","volume":"838","author":"Mkuye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.284","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between the abundance and properties of microplastics in water and in mussels","volume":"621","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124133","article-title":"Microplastic contamination in marine mussels from the Atlantic coast of North Portugal and human risk of microplastic intake through mussel consumption","volume":"352","author":"Barboza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174268","article-title":"Microplastic ingestion in mussels from the East Mediterranean Sea: Exploring its impacts in nature and controlled conditions","volume":"946","author":"Digka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161894","article-title":"Binational survey using Mytilus galloprovincialis as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution: Insights into chemical analysis and potential risk on humans","volume":"870","author":"Abelouah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173505","article-title":"The effect of different types of microplastic and acute cadmium exposure on the Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819)","volume":"936","author":"Tuncelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156749","article-title":"Microplastics contamination in bivalves from the Daya Bay: Species variability and spatio-temporal distribution and human health risks","volume":"841","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4757","article-title":"Application of Biomarker Tools Using Bivalve Models Toward the Development of Adverse Outcome Pathways for Contaminants of Emerging Concern","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141168","article-title":"How predicted temperature and salinity changes will modulate the impacts induced by terbium in bivalves?","volume":"351","author":"Andrade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.03.012","article-title":"Trematodes communities in cockles (Cerastoderma edule) of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): Influence of a contamination gradient","volume":"82","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148512","article-title":"Salinity influences on the response of Mytilus galloprovincialis to the rare-earth element lanthanum","volume":"794","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158728","article-title":"How will different scenarios of rising seawater temperature alter the response of marine species to lithium?","volume":"856","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103561","article-title":"The use of an in vitro approach to assess marine invertebrate carboxylesterase responses to chemicals of environmental concern","volume":"82","author":"Sole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112961","article-title":"B-esterases characterisation in the digestive tract of the common octopus and the European cuttlefish and their in vitro responses to contaminants of environmental concern","volume":"210","author":"Omedes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2011.586339","article-title":"Carboxylesterase inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Hatfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.110.034454","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Inhibitory Effects of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Drugs on Human Carboxylesterase Activities","volume":"38","author":"Fukami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.114.056994","article-title":"Screening of Specific Inhibitors for Human Carboxylesterases or Arylacetamide Deacetylase","volume":"42","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.081265","article-title":"Hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5 \u2018-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine by human carboxylesterases and inhibition by loperamide","volume":"313","author":"Quinney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900834","article-title":"Toxicology in the Fast Lane: Application of High-Throughput Bioassays to Detect Modulation of Key Enzymes and Receptors","volume":"117","author":"Morisseau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.12.019","article-title":"Comparative study of hydrolytic metabolism of dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by microsomes of various rat tissues","volume":"100","author":"Ozaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1753","article-title":"Exposure of Bisphenol A (BPA) Derivatives Affect the Metabolic Elimination of Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases Treatment Drugs","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147065","article-title":"Preparation of biological samples for microplastic identification by Nile Red","volume":"783","author":"Prata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129169","article-title":"Occurrence of common plastic additives and contaminants in mussel samples: Validation of analytical method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion","volume":"349","author":"Canadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114034","article-title":"Assessing microplastic ingestion and occurrence of bisphenols and phthalates in bivalves, fish and holothurians from a Mediterranean marine protected area","volume":"214","author":"Alomar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135218","article-title":"Microplastic co-exposure elevates cadmium accumulation in mouse tissue after rice consumption: Mechanisms and health implications","volume":"476","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138969","article-title":"Additive effects of microplastics on accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in male zebrafish","volume":"334","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122999","article-title":"The combined effects of phenanthrene and micro-\/nanoplastics mixtures on the cellular stress responses of the thick-shell mussel Mytilus coruscus","volume":"341","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111552","article-title":"Microplastics, microfibres and nanoplastics cause variable sub-lethal responses in mussels (Mytilus spp.)","volume":"160","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14040103","article-title":"Single but Not Combined In Vitro Exposure to Bisphenol A and Nanoplastics Affects the Cholinergic Function of the Ascidian Ciona robusta","volume":"14","author":"Melki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135585","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics alter intestinal toxicity of 2,4-DTBP in a sex-dependent manner in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"478","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, F.G., Vieira, H.C., Campos, D., Pires, S.F.S., Rodrigues, A.C.M., Silva, A.L.P., Soares, A.M.V.M., Oliveira, J.M.M., and Bordalo, M.D. (2022). Co-Exposure with an Invasive Seaweed Exudate Increases Toxicity of Polyamide Microplastics in the Marine Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10020043"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105688","article-title":"Proteomic analysis and biochemical alterations in marine mussel gills after exposure to the organophosphate flame retardant TDCPP","volume":"230","author":"Montes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104590","article-title":"Stress indicators in conservative tissues of Humboldt penguin under captivity","volume":"112","author":"Sole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12440","article-title":"The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance","volume":"94","author":"Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.01.016","article-title":"In vivo studies on inhibition and recovery of B-esterase activities in Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to \u201cazinphos-methyl: Analysis of enzyme, substrate and tissue dependence","volume":"112","author":"Kristoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2024.100714","article-title":"Optimization of an analytical method based on miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of bisphenols in mussel samples","volume":"4","author":"Carro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.03.003","article-title":"Occurrence of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in wild mussel samples from the Spanish Atlantic coast and Bay of Biscay","volume":"106","author":"Vinas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.107102","article-title":"New method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"175","author":"Navalon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.06.041","article-title":"Tissue distribution, isozyme abundance and sensitivity to chlorpyrifos-oxon of carboxylesterases in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris","volume":"157","author":"Wheelock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.06.002","article-title":"The use of carboxylesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure in bivalves: A methodological approach","volume":"212","author":"Sole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol. CBP"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-021-01550-5","article-title":"Mussel biology: From the byssus to ecology and physiology, including microplastic ingestion and deep-sea adaptations","volume":"87","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oxyg. Radic. Biol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","article-title":"Microsomal lipid peroxidation","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Buege","year":"1978","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13062-4","article-title":"Glutathione reductase","volume":"Volume 113","author":"Carlberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosokawa, M., and Satoh, T. (2002). Measurement of Carboxylesterase (CES) Activities. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol., 10.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140856.tx0407s10"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Greenland, R.A. (1985). Glutathione peroxide. Handbook of Methods for Oxyradical Research, CRC Press."}],"container-title":["Toxics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:44:47Z","timestamp":1760028287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6304\/13\/3\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["toxics13030181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13030181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}