{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:53:02Z","timestamp":1773107582548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014through the strategic funding given to CIIMAR","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014through the strategic funding given to CIIMAR","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia\u2014through the strategic funding given to CIIMAR","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}]},{"name":"ICBAS Master of Marine Sciences\u2014Marine Resources","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ICBAS Master of Marine Sciences\u2014Marine Resources","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ICBAS Master of Marine Sciences\u2014Marine Resources","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concentrations and spreading of eight synthetic and two natural progestins (PGs) were investigated in surface waters from ten sites at the Douro River Estuary. Samples were filtrated and subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) to isolate and concentrate the target PGs. The extracts were cleaned by silica cartridges and analyzed by LC-MS\/MS. The finding of biologically relevant amounts of gonanes (22.3 \u00b1 2.7 ng\/L), progesterone derivatives (12.2 \u00b1 0.5 ng\/L), drospirenone (4.1 \u00b1 0.8 ng\/L), and natural PGs (9.4 \u00b1 0.9 ng\/L) support the possibility of these compounds acting as endocrine disruptors. Despite the absence of significant differences amongst sampling sites and seasons, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) approaches reveal that spring and summer have different patterns of PG distribution compared to autumn and winter. The assessment of risk coefficients (RQs) and the potential concentrations of synthetic progestins in fish blood sustains that all tested compounds pose a significant risk to local biota (RQs &gt; 1). Additionally, three progestins\u2014norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate\u2014should reach human-equivalent therapeutic levels in fish plasma. Overall, the current data show PGs\u2019 presence and potential impacts in one of the most important estuaries of the Iberian Peninsula.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progestin Pollution in Surface Waters of a Major Southwestern European Estuary: The Douro River Estuary (Iberian Peninsula)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo F.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robledo, A.P.A., \u00c1lvarez-Alonso, R., \u00c1rcega-Cabrera, F., Dur\u00e1n Valsero, J.J., Morales Garc\u00eda, R., Lamas-Cos\u00edo, E., Oceguera-Vargas, I., and DelValls, A. (2024). Assessment and review of heavy metals pollution in sediments of the Mediterranean Sea. Appl. 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