{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:28Z","timestamp":1760059048302,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"cE3c","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IVAR","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"H&amp;TRC FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00329\/2020","UIDP\/00643\/2020","UIDP\/05608\/2020","UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In pathology laboratories, several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used, such as formaldehyde, ethanol, and xylene. These substances are recognized as genotoxic and cytotoxic, which is why their handling poses risks to human health. The buccal micronucleus (MN) cytome assay is a non-invasive, useful, and simple method to detect these effects in exposed individuals. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of VOCs in pathology professionals of S. Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. The study comprised two groups: exposed workers (n = 21) from the three laboratories of S. Miguel, and a reference group (n = 50), randomly chosen from other hospital services without known exposure to VOCs. The exfoliated buccal cells were auto-sampled by all the participants using a cytobrush. The samples were processed in ThinPrep\u00ae, stained with modified Feulgen with Fast Green, and visualized for MN and other nuclear anomalies (ONAs), such as karyorrhexis, pyknotic, and karyolytic cells. Results showed that VOCs have a predictive significance for MN frequency, leading to the conclusion that their exposure is an increased risk factor for the health of these professionals, approximately four times greater than in the control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13050411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1747655666000},"page":"411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Pathology Professionals Through the Buccal Micronuclei Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia V.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armindo S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC)\u2014P\u00f3lo ENSP, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007). 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