{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:44:06Z","timestamp":1776923046520,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"]}]},{"name":"NETA project","award":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NETA project","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"]}]},{"name":"NETA project","award":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"]}]},{"name":"NETA project","award":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046959"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI88\/10136\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus","award":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01190\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olive mill wastewaters (OMWWs) are an environmental problem in the Mediterranean region, and it is crucial to explore strategies for their treatment and repurposing. The chemical precipitation technique (CPT) has been presented as a cost-effective wastewater treatment solution that might be applied to OMWW. The CPT-resulting precipitant subproducts (sludge) may be reprocessed (e.g., agricultural fertilizer and\/or soil amendment), while the treated wastewater may be repurposed or reused (e.g., irrigation, aquaponic, or industrial processes). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CPT in treating wastewater from the olive oil industry from an ecotoxicological perspective. Additionally, to assess the safe use of the obtained sludge in CPT treatment, its effects on soil biota were assessed. For this, a set of ecotoxicological assays using freshwater (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio), terrestrial invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus), and plants (Brassica oleracea and Lolium perenne) were used as model organisms. Results demonstrated that CPT reduced OMWW toxicity to freshwater organisms, offering a favorable outlook on CPT\u2019s potential as a wastewater treatment method. Increasing application rates of sludge in soil reduced the shoot biomass and the hydric content of both plants compared to the control. Survival of F. candida and E. crypticus was not affected by sludge in soil at any tested application rate, yet sludge application negatively affected the reproduction of both species, even at relevant sludge application rates (2%) of sludge in soils. Overall, the applicability of this sludge obtained by the CPT treatment in soils should be carefully evaluated due to the observed adverse effects on soil biota. Although the results of CPT were promising in reducing the toxicity of OMWW for these aquatic species, some adjustments\/improvements should be performed to improve this technique and use all the obtained resources (treated water and sludge) in a fully circular perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:09:27Z","timestamp":1753891767000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comprehensive Ecotoxicological Evaluation of a Treated Olive Mill Wastewater and Obtained Sludge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 N.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo N.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amid","family":"Mostafaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2105-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iryna","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV)\u2014Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Fonte Boa, Vale de Santar\u00e9m, 2005-424 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV)\u2014Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Fonte Boa, Vale de Santar\u00e9m, 2005-424 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e3 Guidini","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456 Alnarp, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Murta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingredient Odyssey S.A.\u2014EntoGreen, Rua Cidade de Santar\u00e9m 140, 2005-079 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7321-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture (MED), Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2353-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina S.","family":"Silv\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture (MED), Environment and Development, University of \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies (FibEnTech-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas de \u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Beja, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies (FibEnTech-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas de \u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Olive oil value-chain dynamics: The Turkish olive oil industry case","volume":"1199","author":"Meral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020887d","article-title":"Environmental effects caused by olive mill wastewaters: Toxicity comparison of low-molecular-weight phenol components","volume":"51","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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