{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:44:26Z","timestamp":1777563866249,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics represent a pharmacotherapeutic group widely used in both human and veterinary medicine for which ecosurveillance has been continually recommended. It is urgent to rank the antibiotics and highlight those that may pose potential risk to the environment, a key step for the risk management. The absence of this type of contributions applied to the Portuguese reality supported the idea of compiling the data presented herein. With such purpose the most recent and representative data is used to draw a comparative contribution of each antimicrobial classes according to their intended use, i.e., in human versus veterinary medicine. The aim was to assess: (1) the amount and patterns of antimicrobials usage between human and animals; (2) the qualitative comparison between the antimicrobial classes used in each practice (human and veterinary) or specific use; (3) the potential to enter the environment, metabolism, mode of action and environmental occurrences. This manuscript will, thus, identify priorities for the environmental risk assessment, considering the ranking of the antimicrobials by their usage and potential environmental exposure. Ultimately, this study will serve as a basis for future monitoring programs, guiding the policy of regulatory agencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics2020188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T12:46:27Z","timestamp":1400849187000},"page":"188-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Human and Veterinary Antibiotics Used in Portugal\u2014A Ranking for Ecosurveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine-Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, Coimbra 3020-210, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine-Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, Coimbra 3020-210, Portugal"},{"name":"Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFARMED, I.P.-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, Lisboa 1749-004, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine-Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes, Coimbra 3020-210, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Meisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFARMED, I.P.-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, Lisboa 1749-004, Portugal"},{"name":"Departament of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Neu, H.C., and Gootz, T.D. 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