{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:34:19Z","timestamp":1768995259574,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]],"date-time":"2019-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UID\/Multi\/00709\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/00709\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opiate use during pregnancy has been an increasing problem over the last two decades, making it an important social and health concern. The use of such substances may have serious negative outcomes in the newborn, and clinical and cognitive conditions have been reported, including neonatal abstinence syndrome, developmental problems, and lower cognitive performance. These conditions are common when opiates are used during pregnancy, making the prescription of these kinds of drugs problematic. Moreover, the mother may develop opiate addiction, thus, increasing the likelihood of the infant being born with any of those conditions. This paper reviews the use of opiates during pregnancy and focuses mainly on the neonatal abstinence syndrome. First, the commonly prescribed opiates will be identified, namely those usually involved in cases of addiction and\/or neonatal abstinence syndrome. Second, published approaches to deal with those problems will be presented and discussed, including the treatment of both the mother and the infant. Finally, we will outline the treatments that are safest and most efficient, and will define future goals, approaches, and research directions for the scientific community regarding this problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Opioid Use in Pregnant Women and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome\u2014A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Oppolzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses\u2014Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Sul, 1150-334 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia\u2014UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3207","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3207","article-title":"Contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to opioid related deaths: Population based cohort study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"362","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000022","article-title":"Increases in the use of prescription opioid analgesics and the lack of improvement in disability metrics among users","volume":"39","author":"Sites","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. 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