{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:28:23Z","timestamp":1776065303872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Dom Aguirre-University of Sorocaba","award":["PROPEIN 013_19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROPEIN 013_19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanopesticides are nanostructures with two to three dimensions between 1 to 200 nm, used to carry agrochemical ingredients (AcI). Because of their unique properties, the loading of AcI into nanoparticles offers benefits when compared to free pesticides. However, with the fast development of new engineered nanoparticles for pests\u2019 control, a new type of environmental waste is being produced. This paper describes the nanopesticides sources, the harmful environmental and health effects arising from pesticide exposure. The potential ameliorative impact of nanoparticles on agricultural productivity and ecosystem challenges are extensively discussed. Strategies for controlled release and stimuli-responsive systems for slow, sustained, and targeted AcI and genetic material delivery are reported. Special attention to different nanoparticles source, the environmental behavior of nanopesticides in the crop setting, and the most recent advancements and nanopesticides representative research from experimental results are revised. This review also addresses some issues and concerns in developing, formulating and toxicity pesticide products for environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9060131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":319,"title":["Nanopesticides in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenge in Agricultural Productivity, Toxicological Risks to Human Health and Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Chaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology\u2014LaBNUS, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18078-005, Brazil"},{"name":"Technological and Environmental Processes, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zielinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research\u2014ITP, Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNMed), Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Batain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology\u2014LaBNUS, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18078-005, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Oliveira-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technological and Environmental Processes, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Physics Nuclear\u2014LAFINAU, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology\u2014LaBNUS, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18078-005, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.11.015","article-title":"Nanopesticide research: Current trends and future priorities","volume":"63","author":"Kah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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