{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:50:40Z","timestamp":1762005040027,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg Atlantic program","award":["ALERTOXNET (EAPA_317\/2016)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALERTOXNET (EAPA_317\/2016)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"Centre for Industrial Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R","IDI-20130304 APTAFOOD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R","IDI-20130304 APTAFOOD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2012-40185-CO2-01","AGL2014-58210-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Ordenaci\u00f3n Universitaria","award":["GRC2013-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC2013-016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000783","name":"Research Executive Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312184 PHARMASEA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312184 PHARMASEA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent alkaloids of microalgal and cyanobacterial origin, with worldwide distribution. Over the last 20 years, the number of poisoning incidents has declined as a result of the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs based on bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 98 samples from 23 different species belonging to benthic and subtidal organisms, such as echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods. The sampling locations were Madeira, S\u00e3o Miguel Island (Azores archipelago), and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed using post-column oxidation liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection method. Our main goal was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. After reporting a total of 59 positive results for PSTs with 14 new vectors identified, we verified that some of the amounts exceeded the limit value established in the EU. These results suggest that routine monitoring of saxitoxin and its analogs should be extended to more potential vectors other than bivalves, including other edible organisms, for a better protection of public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T10:38:38Z","timestamp":1536230318000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S\/N Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S\/N Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S\/N Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Sciences Faculty, Madeira University, Marine Biology Station, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edificio Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\/GBA\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, S\u00e3o Miguel, Azores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Hassouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Science Faculty, University of Chouaib Doukkali,  El Jadida BP20, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Brahim","family":"Sabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Science Faculty, University of Chouaib Doukkali,  El Jadida BP20, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR\/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S\/N Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/md8072185","article-title":"Neurotoxic alkaloids: Saxitoxin and its analogues","volume":"8","author":"Wiese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. 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