{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:48:56Z","timestamp":1762642136846,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/113484\/2015","FCT Investigator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/113484\/2015","FCT Investigator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mar2020","award":["SNMB-INOV: Innovation for a more competitive shellfish sector, co-financed by the Operational Program Mar 2020, Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNMB-INOV: Innovation for a more competitive shellfish sector, co-financed by the Operational Program Mar 2020, Portugal 2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012534","name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["contract code DP402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract code DP402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012534","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a severe food-borne illness, caused by the ingestion of seafood containing paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), which are naturally produced by marine dinoflagellates and accumulate in shellfish during algae blooms. Novel PST, designated as hydroxybenzoate analogues (also known as GC toxins), was relatively recently discovered in Gymnodinium catenatum strains worldwide. However, to date, there have been no studies examining their accumulation in shellfish. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to G. catenatum for five days and then exposed to a non-toxic diet for 24 h, to investigate the toxin\u2019s accumulation\/elimination dynamics. As determined by UHPLC-HILIC-MS\/MS, the hydroxybenzoate analogues, GC1 to GC6, comprised 41% of the algae toxin profile and only 9% in mussels. Elimination of GC toxins after 24 h was not evident. This study highlights that a relevant fraction of PST in mussels are not routinely analysed in monitoring programs and that there is a need to better understand the toxicological potential of the hydroxybenzoate analogues, in order to properly address the risk of G. catenatum blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T03:16:16Z","timestamp":1540523776000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Accumulation and Elimination Dynamics of the Hydroxybenzoate Saxitoxin Analogues in Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Exposed to the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Reis Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA\u2014Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Bras\u00edlia, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007688","article-title":"Actions of saxitoxin on peripheral neuromuscular systems","volume":"180","author":"Kao","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0037088","article-title":"The binding of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin to excitable tissue","volume":"79","author":"Ritchie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. 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